Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. Dec 15, 2012, 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
Kloos, Helmut; Rosalie David. The Paleoepidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Ancient Egypt(PDF). Human Ecology Review. 2002, 9 (1): 14–25 [2015-10-31]. （原始內容存檔(PDF)於2013-11-26）. By the early twentieth century, the Egyptian population was well aware of the widespread occurrence of haematuria to the point where the apssing of blood by boys was considered as a normal and even necessary part of growing up, a form of male menstruation linked with male fertility (Girges 1934, 103).
Rutherford, Patricia. The Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis in Modern and Ancient Tissues by Means of Immunocytochemistry. Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena. 2000, 32 (1) [2015-10-31]. ISSN 0717-7356. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-12）. The ancient Egyptians also wrote of boys becoming men when blood was seen in their urine, as this was likened to the young female's first menstruation (Despommier et al. 1995). Also archaeological evidence such as wall reliefs, hieroglyphs and papyri all confirm that their lifestyle encompassed activities such as bathing, fishing and playing in the Nile, and this combined with bad sanitation habits, would make almost everyone susceptible to this infection.
