蟻蛉是脈翅目蟻蛉科(學名:Myrmeleontidae)昆蟲的通稱。此科物種的幼蟲被稱為蟻獅,而成蟲被稱之為蟻蛉或蛟蛉。
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蟻獅會經歷完全變態過程。幼蟲會在沙地上製造出漏斗狀的陷阱(蟻之地獄),好讓螞蟻或木蝨等動物掉落下來並將其捕食。
蟻蛉屬於脈翅目,翼展範圍從2到15厘米不等。成蟲有兩對長、狹窄、半透明的翅膀和一個又長又苗條的腹部。雖然他們有點像蜻蜓或豆娘,但它們屬於不同的昆蟲。蟻獅的成蟲很容易就可區分與蜻蜓的差別,例如其觸角,而且蟻蛉頭部和胸部合在一起。此外,蟻蛉和蜻蜓的翅膀也不同,與蜻蜓相比,成年的蟻蛉的翅膀是非常脆弱的,並通常發現在夜間尋找一個伴侶交配。成年蟻蛉通常是夜行性動物,很少會在白天見到。
大多數物種的雄性都具有獨特的生理構造,雄性蟻蛉的腹部通常比雌性長。
蟻蛉幼蟲俗稱蟻獅,是一種非常兇猛的肉食性昆蟲,具有堅固的嘴鉗,一個胖胖的腹部,以及胸部有著三對可稍微行走的腿。有巨大的前牙,類似正方形的扁平頭部,和細長、並可移動的頸部,為方便捕食,所以其具有巨大的一對鐮刀狀頜,並具有多個尖銳的小刺。鉗口由上頜骨和下頜骨形成;每個下頜骨都包含一個凹槽,上頜骨的突起物整齊地配合下顎的凹槽,方便抓住並固定獵物,好往其注射毒液和消化酶以分解其軟組織。蟻獅會在沙地挖掘出漏斗狀的陷阱並棲息底部包裹在沙子中,這讓蟻獅方便鎖定獵物,使其能夠制服比其本身大得多的獵物。針對能夠爬出漏斗狀陷阱的較大型獵物,蟻獅會對其噴灑沙子增加滑動力,以利獵物跌落並獵食。蟻蛉幼蟲缺乏肛門,這在昆蟲中是不常見的。幼蟲階段產生的所有代謝廢物都會被蟻獅儲存在身體裡,一些用於作繭的絲,其餘的廢物皆會在蛹階段結束時作為胎糞排泄。
目前科學家對於蟻蛉科下物種的分類幾乎沒有普遍的共識。以下四個亞科為較多數的分類學家所認可:
- 棘蟻蛉亞科 Acanthaclisinae
- 蟻蛉亞科 Myrmeleontinae
- 鬚蟻蛉亞科 Palparinae
- 亮翅蛉亞科 Stilbopteryginae
以下亞科則僅被部分分類學家所接受:
- Brachynemurinae
- 樹蟻蛉亞科 Dendroleontinae
- Dimarinae
- Echthromyrmicinae
- Glenurinae
- 囊蟻蛉亞科 Myrmecaelurinae
- Pseudimarinae
- 本科包括以下屬:[1]
- Abatoleon Banks, 1924
- Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842
- Acanthoplectron Esben-Petersen, 1918
- Acratoleon Banks, 1915
- Aeropteryx Riek, 1968
- Afghanoleon Hölzel, 1972
- Alloclisis Yang, 2002
- Amazoleon Banks, 1913
- Ameromyia Banks, 1913
- Annulares Mansell, 2004
- Anomaloplectron Esben-Petersen, 1918
- Antennoleon New, 1985
- Antilloleon Banks, 1943
- Aplectrocnemus A.Costa, 1855
- Araripeneura Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Araucaleon Banks, 1938
- Arcuaplectron New, 1985
- Argentoleon Stange, 1994
- Aspoeckiana Holzel, 1969
- Aspoeckina Holzel, 1972
- Atricholeon Stange, 1994
- Australeon Miller & Stange, 2012-26
- Austrogymnocnemia Esben-Petersen, 1917
- Austroleon Banks, 1909
- Baliga Navás, 1912
- Banatoleon Kis, 1964
- Bandidus Navás, 1914
- Bankisus Navás, 1912
- Banyutus Navás, 1912
- Belelion Auber, 1955
- Bleyeria Martins-Neto, 1992
- Blittersdorffia Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Botuleon Yang Chikun, 1986
- Brachyleon Tillyard, 1916
- Brachynemurus Hagen, 1888
- Brachyplectron Esben-Petersen, 1925
- Brasileon Miller & Stange, 1989
- Brisus Navás, 1931
- Bullanga Navás, 1917
- Burmaneura Huang et al., 2016
- Caldasia Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Calinemurus Banks, 1899
- Callistoleon Banks, 1910
- Capicua Navás, 1921
- Capophanes Banks, 1938
- Caririneura Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Centroclisis Navás, 1909
- Ceratoleon Esben-Petersen, 1917
- Chaetoleon Banks, 1920
- Choromyrmeleon Ren & Guo, 1996
- Chrysoleon Banks, 1910
- Clathroneuria Banks, 1913
- Compsoleon Banks, 1913
- Cosina Navás, 1912
- Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867
- Cratoalloneura Martins-Neto, 1992
- Cratoneura Martins-Neto, 1992
- Cratopteryx Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Creoleon Tillyard, 1918
- Cryptoleon Banks, 1901
- Csiroleon New, 1985
- Cuca Navás, 1923
- Cueta Navás, 1911
- Cymatala C.-k.Yang, 1986
- Cymothales Gerstaecker, 1893
- Dejuna Navás, 1924
- Dejunaleon
- Delfimeus Navás, 1912
- Delgadus Navás, 1914
- Dendroleon Brauer, 1866
- Deutoleon Navás, 1927
- Diazus Navás, 1914
- Dictyoleon Esben-Petersen, 1923
- Diegopteryx Martins-Neto, 2010
- Dimarella Banks, 1913
- Dimares Hagen, 1866
- Distoleon Banks, 1810
- Distonemurus Krivokhatsky, 1992
- Distoplectron Banks, 1943
- Doblina Navás, 1927
- Dominikon Dobosz, Krivokhatsky & Abraham, 2022
- Echthromyrmex McLachlan, 1867
- Ecualeon Stange, 1994
- Elachyleon Esben-Petersen, 1927
- Elicura Navás, 1911
- Enrera Navás, 1915
- Ensorra Navás, 1915
- Eophanes Banks, 1931
- Epacanthaclisis Okamoto, 1910
- Epignopholeon Makarkin, 2017
- Episalus Gerstaecker, 1885
- Eremoleon Banks, 1901
- Escura Navás, 1914
- Euptilon Westwood, 1837
- Euroleon Esben-Petersen, 1918
- Exaetoleon Kimmins, 1948
- Exiliunguleon Yang, 1999
- Fadrina Navás, 1912
- Fenestroleon New, 1985
- Fissuleon Machado, 2020
- Franzenia Esben-Petersen, 1929
- Froggattisca Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Furgella Markl, 1953
- Fusoleon New, 1985
- Galapagoleon Stange, 1994
- Ganguilus Navás, 1912
- Gatzara Navás, 1915
- Gepella Hölzel, 1968
- Gepus Navás, 1912
- Geyria Esben-Petersen, 1920
- Glenoleon Banks, 1913
- Glenopsis Banks, 1913
- Glenuroides Okamoto, 1910
- Glenurus Hagen, 1866
- Gnopholeon Stange, 1970
- Golafrus Navás, 1912
- Goniocercus Insom & Carfi, 1988
- Graonus Navás, 1922
- Grypoplectron Esben-Petersen, 1928
- Gymnocnemia Schneider, 1845
- Gymnoleon Banks, 1911
- Hagenomyia Banks, 1911
- Hebris
- Heoclisis Navás, 1923
- Hesperoleon Banks, 1913
- Holzezus Krivokhatsky, 1992
- Incamoleon Banks, 1913
- Indoclystus Banks, 1941
- Indoleon Banks, 1913
- Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988
- Indophanes Banks, 1940
- Iranoleon Hölzel, 1968
- Isoleon Esben-Petersen, 1931
- Isonemurus Esben-Petersen, 1928
- Jaffuelia Navás, 1918
- Jaya Navás, 1912
- Joergenia Esben-Petersen, 1933
- Kirghizoleon Krivokhatsky & Zakharenko, 1994
- Lachlathetes Navás, 1926
- Latileon Machado, 2020
- Layahima Navás, 1912
- Lemolemus Navás, 1911
- 幻蟻蛉屬 Lopezus Navás, 1913
- Macroleon Banks, 1909
- Macronemurus Costa, 1855
- Madrastra Navás, 1912
- Maracanda McLachlan, 1875
- Maracandula Currie, 1901
- Maula Navás, 1912
- Megagonoleon Machado, 2020
- Megistoleon Navás, 1931
- Megistopus Rambur, 1842
- Menkeleon Stange, 1970
- Mesonemurus Navás, 1920
- Mestressa Navás, 1914
- Mexoleon Stange, 1994
- Microleon Banks, 1901
- Millerleon Stange, 1989
- Mimoleon Banks, 1913
- Minyleon Machado, 2020
- Mizoleon Navas, 1936
- Mjobergia Esben-Petersen, 1918
- Mongoleon Hölzel, 1970
- Mossega Navás, 1914
- Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855
- Myrmeleon Kolywanense Laxmann, 1770
- Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767
- Myrmelon
- Mystroleon Banks, 1924
- Nadus Navás, 1935
- Nannoleon Esben-Petersen, 1928
- Nanoleon Hu, Lu & Liu, 2019
- Navasoleon Banks, 1943
- Naya Navás, 1932
- Nedroledon Navás, 1914
- Negrokus Navás, 1930
- Neguitus Navás, 1912
- Nelebrachys Navás, 1915
- Neleinus Navás, 1915
- Nemoleon Navás, 1909
- Nemotolus Banks, 1943
- Nepsalus Navás, 1914
- Nesoleon Banks, 1909
- Neteja Navás, 1914
- Netroneurus Banks, 1927
- Neulatus Navás, 1912
- Neuroleon Navás, 1909
- Newleon Miller & Stange, 2012-26
- Nicarinus Navas, 1914
- Noaleon Hölzel, 1972
- Nomes Navás, 1914
- Nophis Navás, 1912
- Nora Navás, 1912
- Nosa Navás, 1911
- Nuglerus Navás, 1912
- Obus Navás, 1912
- Oligoleon Esben-Petersen, 1931
- Omoleon Navás, 1936
- Pachyleon Stange, 1970
- Palparellus Navás, 1912
- Palpares Rambur, 1842
- Palparidius Péringuey, 1910
- Pamares Mansell, 1990
- Pamexis Hagen, 1866
- Pantherleon Yang Chikun, 1986
- Paracaririneura Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1997
- Paraglenurus Van der Weele, 1909
- Paranthaclisis Banks, 1907
- Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988
- Parvoleon New, 1985
- Periclystus Gerstaecker, 1888
- Peruveleon Miller & Stange, 2011-27
- Phanoclisis Banks, 1913
- Phanoleon Banks, 1931
- Platyleon Esben-Petersen, 1923
- Porrerus Navás, 1913
- Pristinofossor Badano & Engel, 2018
- Protoplectron Gerstaecker, 1885
- Pseudimares Kimmins, 1933
- Pseudoformicaleo Weele, 1909
- Pseudonymphes Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Pseudopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988
- Purenleon Stange, 2002
- Quinemurus Kimmins, 1943
- Riekoleon New, 1985
- Ripalda Navás, 1915
- Rovira Navás, 1914
- Scotoleon Banks, 1913
- Sericoleon Esben-Petersen, 1933
- Sical Navás, 1928
- Solter Navás, 1912
- Speleon Miller & Stange, 2012-26
- Stangeleon Miller, 2008-05
- Stenares Hagen, 1866
- Stenogymnocnemia Esben-Petersen, 1923
- Stenoleon Tillyard, 1916
- Stilbopteryx Newman, 1838
- Stiphroneura Gerstaecker, 1885
- Subgulina Krivokhatsky, 1996
- Suca Navás, 1921
- Synclisis Navás, 1919
- Synclisis Rambur, 1842
- Syngenes Kolbe, 1897
- Thaumatoleon Esben-Petersen, 1921
- Tomatarella Kimmins, 1952
- Tomatares Hagen, 1866
- Trichocercus Insom & Carfi, 1988
- Tricholeon Esben-Petersen, 1925
- Tyttholeon Adams, 1957
- Uroleon Brauer, 1901
- Valignanus Navás, 1913
- Vella Navás, 1913
- Vellasa Navás, 1924
- Vellassa
- Venezueleon Stange, 1994
- Visca Navás, 1927
- Voltor Navás, 1935
- Weeleus Navás, 1912
- Xantholeon Tillyard, 1916
- Xiaoleon Lu & Liu, 2022
- Yunleon Yang Chikun, 1986