胡里安頌歌(Hurrian songs)是一組刻在泥板上的楔形文字歌曲,發掘於亞摩利人[2][3]-迦南人[4]居住的烏加里特古城(現屬敘利亞,敘國北部一海角上),文物年份介於公元前1400年左右。其中一塊泥板相當完整,板上刻有《胡里安的尼卡爾(英語:Nikkal)女神頌》,也可以稱作為《胡里安禮拜詩》(Hurrian cult hymn)、《致眾神的札魯茲》(A Zaluzi to the Gods)或簡稱《h.6》,它是世界上最古老相對完整存留的記譜音樂作品。雖然有一部分碎片標有作曲家,但《h.6》上沒有標示出作曲者的名字。
上述的完整歌曲,是1950年代於烏加里特的皇宮(英語:Royal Palace of Ugarit)發現的楔形文字泥板中約36首讚美詩的其中之一[5],年代可追溯至前14世紀[6],它是唯一一個比較完整留存的作品[7]。關於整組碎片的敘述首先由埃馬紐埃爾·拉羅謝(英語:Emmanuel Laroche)於1955年和1968年發表,這些碎片被認為是一塊泥板的一部分,而其中三塊碎片則分別被田野考古學家編目為RS 15.30、15.49和17.387。在拉羅謝的目錄中,讚美詩的碎片被定名為h. 2–17、19–23、25–6、28和30,以及一些較少的斷片RS. 19.164 g、j、 n、o、p、r、t、w、x、y、aa和gg。完整的讚美詩正是前述所列的《h.6》[8],其修訂後的版本則在1975年發表[9]。
《h.6》泥版的排列為把頌歌的胡里安字母放在最頂部,其下方則有兩條分隔線。讚美詩的文字由連續的螺旋形構成,並在正頁和反頁間交替出現,而這些是巴比倫文本中從未出現的佈局[14]。再下方一點有著阿卡德語的音樂說明,其由音程名稱和數字符號組成[15]。翻譯差異取決於如何解釋這些成對的符號的含義,以及它與讚美詩文字的關係。在音樂說明下還有一條分界線,在它下方則是以阿卡德語寫道的作者資料,意思為「這是一首『尼特基比』(一種音樂類型,為Nidqabli的變體),一個『札魯茲』……由阿摩拉比所作」(This [is] a song [in the] nitkibli , a zaluzi … written down by Ammurabi)[16]。這個名字與另一位抄寫員伊斯薩利(Ipsali)的名字有在其他泥板上發現,他們都是閃族人。完整的讚美詩從來沒有顯示過作曲家的名字,但找到的五塊碎片有四塊寫著不同的作曲家姓名,分別是塔帕什休尼(Tapšiẖuni)、蒲希雅(Puẖiya)或蒲希雅那(Puẖiyana)、厄希雅(Urẖiya,在h.8和h.12上都能找到)和安米雅(Ammiya),這些都是胡里安人的姓名[17]。
《h.6》的文字難以解讀,除了由於胡里安語本身未完全被理解外,還因為泥板碎片缺失而造成部分句子語意不通(英語:Lacuna (manuscripts))。而且一些單詞有可能已經因為音樂口耳相傳而無意間被改變發音。除此之外,泥板的語言似乎是一種當地的烏加里特方言,與其他地方發現的文物的方言截然不同[24]。即使存在多條難題,胡里安頒歌仍顯然是一首關於尼卡爾(英語:Nikkal)女神的宗教文獻。其有四行詩文,特點是泥板反面的前三行的七個最尾音節在正面的下一行重覆。拉羅謝看到這特性時發現其與一個僱請巴比倫抄寫員書寫的較長文獻類似,兩者這樣做都是為了能連貫性地從泥板與泥板之間臨時轉調。漢斯·古特博克(英語:Hans Gustav Güterbock)和安妮·基爾默(Anne Kilmer)採取的觀點是單個文獻中絕對找不到這種手法的,所以這些重覆音節必定會構成一個被分隔成固定部分的副歌。對此,杜申-吉耶曼反駁道《h.6》是一首以在巴比倫從沒看過的形式編寫(正—反—正)的歌曲,而這正是胡里安人使用導引音的充分理由[25]。
考古學家第一次嘗試出版解讀《h.6》的書籍是在1977年,由漢斯-約亨·泰爾(Hans-Jochen Thiel)提出[26],24年後,由於波阿茲卡雷附近的考古地點有新的發現,胡里安學(Hurritology)取得重大的發展,其工作也為24年後由西奧·J·H·克里斯平(Theo J. H. Krispijn)所做的臨時嘗試奠定了良好的基礎[24]。
Music of the Ancient Sumerians, Egyptians & Greeks, new expanded edition. Ensemble De Organographia (Gayle Stuwe Neuman and Philip Neuman). CD recording. Pandourion PRDC 1005. Oregon City: Pandourion Records, 2006. [Includes the nearly complete h.6 (as "A Zaluzi to the Gods"), as well as fragments of 14 others, following the transcriptions of M. L. West.]
K. Marie Stolba, The Development of Western Music: A History, brief second edition (Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 1995), p. 2.; M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 171.
Anne Kilmer, "Mesopotamia §8(ii)", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
Emmanuel Laroche, Le palais royal d' Ugarit 3: Textes accadiens et hourrites des archives Est, Ouest et centrales, 2 vols., edited by Jean Nougayrol, Georges Boyer, Emmanuel Laroche, and Claude-Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer, 1:327–35 and 2: plates cviii–cix (Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1955):; "Documents en langue houritte provenent de Ras Shamra", in Ugaritica 5: Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d'Ugarit, edited by Claude-Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer and Jean Nougayrol, 462–96. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique / Institut français d'archéologie de Beyrouth 80; Mission de Ras Shamra 16 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale P. Geuthner; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968). In the latter, the transcribed text of h.6 is on p. 463, with the cuneiform text reproduced on p. 487.
M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 166.
M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 161. In addition to West and Duchesne-Guillemin ("Les problèmes de la notation hourrite", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 69, no. 2 (1975): 159–73; "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite", Revue de Musicologie 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26; A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music, Sources from the ancient near east, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1984. ISBN0-89003-158-4), competitors include Hans Gütterbock, "Musical Notation in Ugarit", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 64, no. 1 (1970): 45–52; Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 115, no. 2 (April 1971): 131–49; Kilmer, "The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation", Revue d'Assyriologie 68 (1974): 69–82); Kilmer, with Richard L. Crocker and Robert R. Brown, Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music (Berkeley: Bit Enki Publications, 1976; includes LP record, Bit Enki Records BTNK 101, reissued [s.d.] as CD); Kilmer, "Musik, A: philologisch", Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 8, edited by Dietz Otto Edzard (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1997), 463–82, ISBN3-11-014809-9; David Wulstan, "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp", Iraq 30 (1968): 215–28; Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music and Letters 52 (1971): 365–82; and Raoul Gregory Vitale, "La Musique suméro-accadienne: gamme et notation musicale", Ugarit-Forschungen 14 (1982): 241–63.
Anne Kilmer, "Mesopotamia §8(ii)", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and ohn Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 171.
O. R. Gurney, "An Old Babylonian Treatise on the Tuning of the Harp", Iraq 30 (1968): 229–33. Citations on pp. 229 and 233. Marcelle Duchesne-Guillemin, ""Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite", Revue de Musicologie 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26, citation on pp. 6.
Marcelle Duchesne-Guillemin, ""Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite", Revue de Musicologie 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26, citation on pp. 6–8. M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 163.
M[artin] L[itchfield] West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 163.
Theo J. H. Krispijn, "Musik in Keilschrift: Beiträge zur altorientalischen Musikforschung 2", in Archäologie früher Klangerzeugung und Tonordnung: Musikarchäologie in der Ägäis und Anatolien/The Archaeology of Sound Origin and Organization: Music Archaeology in the Aegean and Anatolia, edited by Ellen Hickmann, Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, and Ricardo Eichmann, 465–79 (Orient-Archäologie 10; Studien zur Musikarchäologie 3) (Rahden: Leidorf, 2001) ISBN3-89646-640-2. Citation on p. 474.
"Der Text und die Notenfolgen des Musiktextes aus Ugarit", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 18 (=Incunabula Graeca 67) (1977): 109–36.
Bielitz, Mathias. 2002. Über die babylonischen theoretischen Texte zur Musik: Zu den Grenzen der Anwendung des antiken Tonsystems, second, expanded edition. Neckargemünd: Männeles Verlag.
Braun, Joachim. "Jewish music, §II: Ancient Israel/Palestine, 2: The Canaanite Inheritance". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
Černý, Miroslav Karel. 1987. "Das altmesopotamische Tonsystem, seine Organisation und Entwicklung im Lichte der neuerschlossenen Texte". Archiv orientální 55:41–57.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle. 1963. "Découverte d'une gamme babylonienne". Revue de Musicologie 49:3–17.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle. 1966. "A l'aube de la théorie musicale: concordance de trois tablettes babyloniennes". Revue de Musicologie 52:147–62.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle. 1969. "La théorie babylonienne des métaboles musicales". Revue de Musicologie 55:3–11.
Gurney, O. R. 1968. "An Old Babylonian Treatise on the Tuning of the Harp". Iraq 30:229–33.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. 1965. "The Strings of Musical Instruments: Their Names, Numbers, and Significance". Assyriological Studies 16 ("Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger"): 261-68.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. 1971. "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 115:131–49.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. 1984. "A Music Tablet from Sippar(?): BM 65217 + 66616". Iraq 46:69–80.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Miguel Civil. 1986. "Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38:94–98.
Kümmel, Hans Martin. 1970. "Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe". Orientalia 39:252–63.
Schmidt, Karin Stella. 2006. "Zur Musik Mesopotamiens: Musiktheorie, Notenschriften, Rekonstruktionen und Einspielungen überlieferter Musik, Instrumentenkunde, Gesang und Aufführungspraxis in Sumer, Akkad, Babylonien, Assyrien und den benachbarten Kulturräumen Ugarit, Syrien, Elam/Altpersien: Eine Zusammenstellung wissenschaftlicher Literatur mit einführender Literatur zur Musik Altägyptens, Anatoliens (Hethitische Musik), Altgriechenlands und Altisraels/Palästinas". Seminar-Arbeit. Freiburg i. Br.: Orientalisches Seminar, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
Thiel, Hans-Jochen. 1978. "Zur Gliederung des 'Musik-Textes' aus Ugarit". Revue Hittite et Asiatique 36 (Les Hourrites: Actes de la XXIVe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Paris 1977): 189–98.