美國遊說(英語:Lobbying in the United States)指的是美國的特殊利益集團僱傭人脈廣泛的專業倡導者——通常是律師——在美國國會等決策機構為特定立法進行論證、爭辯等有償活動。這是一個極具爭議的現象,美國民眾及新聞記者常以負面眼光看待此事,[1] 一些評論家將此描述為合法的賄賂、權力尋租及敲詐勒索(英語:Extortion)。[2][3] 雖然遊說活動受到廣泛而複雜的規則約束,如果不遵守這些規則將由可能導致監禁等懲處;但是法院的裁決已經將遊說活動解釋為受《美國憲法》「第一修正案」所保護的兩項自由,即:言論自由和集會自由。自1970年代以來,美國的遊說活動在遊說從業人數和遊說預算規模等方面大幅增長,並成為許多人批評美國統治方式的焦點。
在華盛頓哥倫比亞特區從事遊說活動的從業者超過12,000人,但大部分的遊說活動卻由不到300家公司負責處理且公司間的人員流動率較低。[5] 根據《國家》在2014年的一份調查顯示,雖然2013年的註冊說客人數只有12,281人,相較於2002年有所下降。但遊說活動卻在增加並「轉入地下」,因為說客使用「越來越複雜的策略」來掩蓋他們的活動。分析師詹姆士·瑟伯(英語:James A. Thurber)估計遊說業的實際從業人數在10萬以上,而年產值在90億美元規模。[6]華爾街曾花費20億美元來試圖影響2016年總統大選。[7][8]
政治學家托馬斯·戴伊(英語:Thomas R. Dye)曾經說過,政治就是爭奪稀缺的政府資源;誰在何時何處因何原因而又以何方法獲得它。[9] 由於政府負責在美國如此複雜的經濟體中制定規則,因此受這些規則影響的各種組織、企業、個人、非營利組織、貿易團體、宗教、慈善機構和其他團體都會施加相應的影響於那些它們可以得到並有利於它們事業的決定。自從文明時代以來,任何有組織的社會都會發生影響力之爭。無論是古代雅典(英語:Ancient Athens)、美第奇時期的佛羅倫薩、中國封建時代末期,還是現在的美國都如此。從某種意義上說,現代的說客類似於舊制度下的幸臣(英語:Courtier)。如果說投票是民眾控制政府的一種方式,那遊說則是一種更具體且更有針對性的努力,因為它專注於範圍更小的問題。[1]
Robert Reich. Robert Reich: Lobbyists are snuffing our democracy, one legal bribe at a time. Salon.com. 2015-06-09 [2021-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-30). ...This second scandal is perfectly legal but it’s a growing menace ... the financial rewards from lobbying have mushroomed, as big corporations and giant Wall Street banks have sunk fortunes into rigging the game to their advantage....
Martin Gilens; Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics (Cambridge University Press). 2014-09-18, 12 (3): 564–581. ISSN 1541-0986. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001595.
酒店歷史. 威拉德酒店. [2021-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-28). It was in the Willard lobby that Ulysses S. Grant popularized the term 「lobbyist.」 Often bothered by self-promoters as he sat in the lobby and enjoyed his cigar and brandy, he referred to these individuals as 「lobbyists.」
文獻
Balogh, Brian. "CHAPTER NIN. E 「Mirrors of Desires」: Interest Groups, Elections, and the Targeted Style in Twentieth-Century America." The Democratic Experiment. Princeton University Press, 2009. 222-249.
Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech. "Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science." JOURNAL OF POLITICS 61 (1999): 844-844.
i Vidal, Jordi Blanes, Mirko Draca, and Christian Fons-Rosen. "Revolving door lobbyists." The American Economic Review 102.7 (2012): 3731.
Clemens, Elisabeth S. The people's lobby: Organizational innovation and the rise of interest group politics in the United States, 1890-1925. University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Hansen, John Mark. Gaining access: Congress and the farm lobby, 1919-1981. University of Chicago Press, 1991.
DiSalvo, Dan. "So Damn Much Money: The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of American Government." (2009): 54-56.
Loomis, Christopher M. "The politics of uncertainty: lobbyists and propaganda in early twentieth-century America." Journal of Policy History 21.2 (2009): 187-213.
Lux, Sean, T. Russell Crook, and David J. Woehr. "Mixing business with politics: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and outcomes of corporate political activity." Journal of management 37.1 (2011): 223-247.
Stokes, Leah Cardamore. Short circuiting policy: Interest groups and the battle over clean energy and climate policy in the American States. Oxford University Press, USA, 2020.
Thompson, Margaret Susan. "THE" SPIDER WEB": CONGRESS AND LOBBYING IN THE AGE OF GRANT." (1981): 4144-4144.
Tichenor, Daniel J., and Richard A. Harris. "Organized interests and American political development." Political Science Quarterly 117.4 (2002): 587-612.
Zelizer, Julian E. Arsenal of democracy: the politics of national security--from World War II to the War on Terrorism. Basic Books (AZ), 2010.