紙莎草[註 1]（學名：Cyperus papyrus，英文名：papyrus, papyrus sedge），又稱紙草（英語：Paper reed）、埃及莎草、埃及紙草、蒲草（Bulrush）、埃及蒲草、印度叢草（Indian matting plant）。屬於莎草科莎草屬。是北非洲原產的一種多年生草本植物。
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紙莎草是一種高而堅韌的挺水植物，約可長到4至5公尺高。它綠色、長稈狀的莖橫切面為三角形，從粗厚的地下莖中長出。每一條莖的頂端都會長出一簇濃密的、放射狀（像煙火一般）的葉。葉子細長、通常呈亮綠色，長度約10至30公分。當植物還年幼的時候，這簇葉子的生長型態就像雞毛撢一樣。花是綠褐色，生長在葉簇的末端。果實呈褐色。地下莖在剛長出時會被一層紅褐色的紙質層覆蓋，這層三角形的鱗狀層也覆蓋了莖的基部。
紙莎草生長在熱帶至亞熱帶的環境中，不論是潮濕的森林或乾燥的沙漠，只要全年均溫在20到30℃且土壤pH值在6.0-8.5就可以生長。紙莎草的花在暮夏盛開，並且傾向於在全日照到半陰涼的環境開花。像許多典型的熱帶植物一樣，紙莎草對霜很敏感。
紙莎草的分布遍及在沼澤、淺水湖和溪畔等非洲的潮濕部分，但在尼羅河三角洲已逐漸變得稀少。在較深的水中，紙莎草是構成植被的主要植物（被稱為sudd）。現今它的野生分布存在於剛果、馬達加斯加島、烏干達、衣索匹亞和西西里島。
紙莎草羽毛狀的花是許多社會性鳥類築巢的地點。像許多莎草科植物一樣，它是風媒花，且果實由流水帶走。
今天，紙莎草被培育、改良為裝飾性的植物。其中C. nanus（矮紙莎草）、C. profiler兩個品種只會長到約1公尺高。
古埃及人使用紙莎草的用途有很多。其中，最有名的應該是莎草紙的製作。在希臘文和英文中，「莎草紙」這個字的語源被許多人認為是來自於古埃及語，但這是謬傳。紙莎草現在被廣泛的運用於製作裝飾品，例如莎草紙畫。在古代，紙莎草在尼羅河三角洲有著相當廣泛的分布，然而現在它在尼羅河三角洲的原生種群卻瀕臨絕滅。在泰奧弗拉斯托斯的《植物史》（Historia Plantarum，卷十）一書中寫到紙莎草在敘利亞也有分布。而根據老普林尼的《博物志》一書，紙莎草是尼羅河及幼發拉底河流域的原生植物。
此外，古埃及人利用多種莎草科的植物的花來製作敬神的花圈。而嫩枝則被當作食物。它多纖維的地下莖則用來製作碗等多種器具，有時也當作燃料。而莖則用來編製葦舟（在埃及第四王朝的浮雕中，描繪了壯年男子採集莎草製作葦舟的情形），類似的船在蘇丹也能發現。
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