約翰·巴格內爾·伯里

約翰·巴格內爾·伯里
FBA
約翰·巴格內爾·伯里; FBA
	約翰·巴格內爾·伯里
出生	1861年10月16日; 愛爾蘭莫納亨郡克倫雷特（英語：Clontibret）
逝世	1927年6月1日（65歲）; 義大利羅馬

約翰·巴格內爾·伯里，FBA（英語：John Bagnell Bury，英國 /ˈbɛrɪ/；1861年10月16日—1927年6月1日）是一名盎格魯愛爾蘭人^[1]^[2]，歷史學家、古典學學者、中世紀羅馬歷史學家和語文學家。他曾在其1889年版《羅馬帝國晚期》（Later Roman Empire）的序言中明確反對「拜占庭學家」這一標籤。他曾於1893年至1902年間擔任擔任都柏林三一學院的近代史伊拉斯謨·史密斯教授（英語：Erasmus Smith's Professor of Modern History），此後在1902年起在劍橋大學擔任近代史欽定教授（英語：Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)），直至去世。

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早期生活與教育

伯里於1861年10月16日在愛爾蘭莫納亨郡的克倫蒂布拉德（英語：Clontibret）出生，父親是聖公宗愛爾蘭教會的教區長愛德華·約翰·伯里，母親是安娜·羅傑斯^[3]。他一開始由父母教育，之後進入德里的福伊爾大學（英語：Foyle College）。後在都柏林三一學院學習古典學，並於1882年畢業。1885年，年僅24歲的伯里成為三一學院研究員。1893年，他被委任成為了近代史伊拉斯謨·史密斯主任，並在該職位上做了九年。1898年成為希臘文欽定教授，同時還兼任歷史學教授一職^[4]。1902年成為劍橋大學的歷史學欽定教授。

在劍橋大學，伯里成為史蒂文·朗西曼（中世紀學家）的導師，後者後來評論道，他是伯里「第一個，也是唯一一個學生」。起初，退隱的伯里試圖將其趕走，之後，朗西曼提及他可以讀俄語，伯里於是給了他一堆保加利亞的文章讓其編修，兩人的關係就此開始。伯里成為第一部真正權威的聖博德傳記（1905年出版）的作者。

1901年，伯里獲授格拉斯哥大學法學博士（英語：Legum Doctor）榮譽學位^[5]；1905年亦獲得了阿伯丁大學法學博士榮譽學位，1902年10月博德利圖書館落成三百年紀念時，獲牛津大學授予的文學博士學位^[6]。

伯里一直工作於劍橋，後在65歲拜訪義大利時於羅馬逝世。他被埋葬在羅馬新教徒墓園（英語：Protestant Cemetery, Rome）。

他的弟弟羅伯特·格雷格·伯里（英語：Robert Gregg Bury），是愛爾蘭的牧師、古典學家、哲學家，以及將柏拉圖和塞克斯圖斯·恩丕里柯作品譯作英文的譯者。

學術貢獻

伯里的著作主題涉及範圍自古希臘起，至19世紀的教皇，內容既具有學術性，又便於外行理解。他關於歷史哲學的兩篇作品闡述了維多利亞時代的進步和理性理想，這些作品奠定了其更為具體的歷史。他還引領了拜占庭史研究的復興（但是他認為，並明確稱之為羅馬史），在愛德華·吉本之後，拜占庭史曾在很大程度上被說英語的歷史學家們忽視。他參與編撰了1911年版的《大英百科全書》，甚至其本人也是其中的一個條目。還和弗蘭克·阿德科克（英語：Frank Adcock）以及S·A·庫克一起編撰了《劍橋古代史（英語：The Cambridge Ancient History）》，後在1919年發行。

伯里的生涯表明了他不斷發展的思維過程以及他將歷史作為「科學」的思考^[7]。在1902年劍橋大學近代史欽定教授開幕式演講中，他公開宣稱將歷史為一門「科學」而非「文學」的分支。他說道：

“

我或許應該提醒你們，歷史並非文學的分支。歷史的事實，就如同地質或天文學的事實，可以為文學藝術提供素材；由於顯而易見的原因，與自然科學相比，它們更容易進行藝術表現；但是以文學的方式來妝扮人類社會中的故事，不再是身為歷史學家應當做的一部分，而是身為天文學家以藝術形式呈現星星故事的一部分^[8]^[9]。

”

伯里的的演講繼續捍衛歷史不是文學的主張，進而質疑歷史學家在討論歷史事實時是否需要敘事，並從本質上引發了一個問題：敘事是否必要？伯里將他的「科學」與利奧波德·馮·蘭克的科學觀念以及讓使得蘭克觀點成名的德語短語「Ich will nur sagen wie es eigentlich gewesen ist」（我只想敘說它是如何發生的）進行了比較。伯里在演講中的最後重申了他先前的聲明，並用一句話鞏固道：「 ……她（歷史）本身就是一門科學，沒有更少也不會更多」^[10]。

在其《思想自由史》（History of Freedom of Thought）的訴諸無知和舉證責任中，他寫道：

“

有人說，除非我們能證明它是錯誤的，否則我們似乎沒有理由拒絕神學教義。但是舉證責任不在於拒絕者……如果你被告知，在某個繞天狼星旋轉的星球上，有一群驢子會說英語，還花了一些時間討論優生學，那麼您無法駁斥這一說法，它關於那個觀點有什麼可信的主張嗎？如果有人經常強有力地去重申它，那麼就會有些人想要接納。^[11]

”

著作

The Odes of Pindar
The Nemean Odes of Pindar (1890)^[12]
The Isthmian Odes of Pindar (1892)^[13]

羅馬

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (2 vols.) (1889)^[14]^[15]
A History of the Roman Empire From its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (1893)^[16]^[17]
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802–867) (1912)^[18]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (1923)^[19]
The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians (1928)^[20]^[21]
The Life of St. Patrick and His Place in History (1905)^[22]
History of the Papacy in the 19th Century (1864–1878) (1930)

希臘

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great (1900)^[23]
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures) (1909)^[24]
The Hellenistic Age: Aspects of Hellenistic Civilization (1923), with E. A. Barber, Edwyn Bevan, and W. W. Tarn^[25]

哲學

A History of Freedom of Thought (1913)^[26]
The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (1920)^[27]

參考資料

[1]
Brian Young, "History", in Mark Bevir, Historicism and the Human Sciences in Victorian Britain, 2017, ISBN 1107166683, p. 181
[2]
Bruce Karl Braswell, A Commentary on Pindar Nemean Nine, 1998, ISBN 3110161249, p. ix
[3]
Hepburn Baynes, Norman. A Bibliography of the Works of J. B. Bury. Cambridge: CUP Archive. 1929: 1 [2019-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-29）（英語）.
[4]
Irish Times, 2008-05-21
[5]
Glasgow University jubilee. The Times (36481) (London). 1901-06-14. p. 10. 模板中使用了待廢棄的參數（使用說明）
[6]
University intelligence. The Times (36893) (London). 1902-10-08. p. 4. 模板中使用了待廢棄的參數（使用說明）
[7]
Goldstein, Doris. J.B. Bury's Philosophy of history: A Reappraisal. The American Historical Review. 1977-10, 82 (4): 896–919. JSTOR 1865117. doi:10.1086/ahr/82.4.896.
[8]
Bury, John Bagnell. The science of history. Selected Essays. CUP Archive. 1930: 9 [2015-04-01]. 原文：I may remind you that history is not a branch of literature. The facts of history, like the facts of geology or astronomy, can supply material for literary art; for manifest reasons they lend themselves to artistic representation far more readily than those of the natural sciences; but to clothe the story of human society in a literary dress is no more the part of a historian as a historian, than it is the part of an astronomer as an astronomer to present in an artistic shape the story of the stars.
[9]
Stern, Fritz. The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present. Random House. 1972: 214. ISBN 0-394-71962-X.
[10]
Goldstein, Doris. J.B. Bury's Philosophy of history: A Reappraisal. The American Historical Review. 1977-10, 82 (4): 897 (896–919). JSTOR 1865117. doi:10.1086/ahr/82.4.896.
[11]
Bury, J. B. History of Freedom of Thought. London: Williams & Norgate. 1913: 20. 原文：Some people speak as if we were not justified in rejecting a theological doctrine unless we can prove it false. But the burden of proof does not lie upon the rejecter.... If you were told that in a certain planet revolving around Sirius there is a race of donkeys who speak the English language and spend their time in discussing eugenics, you could not disprove the statement, but would it, on that account, have any claim to be believed? Some minds would be prepared to accept it, if it were reiterated often enough, through the potent force of suggestion.
[12]
The Nemean Odes of Pindar, archive.org
[13]
The Isthmian Odes of Pindar, archive.org
[14]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume One (PDF). [2006-07-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-03）.
[15]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume Two (PDF). [2006-07-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-03）.
[16]
A History of the Roman Empire From its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius, archive.org
[17]
Richards, F. T. Review of A History of the Roman Empire, from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius by J. B. Bury. The Academy. 1893-11-25, 44 (1125): 459.
[18]
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802–867), archive.org
[19]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, LacusCurtius. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-01）.
[20]
The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, archive.org
[21]
Thorndike, Lynn. Review of The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians by J. B. Bury. The American Historical Review. April 1929, 34 (3): 564–566. JSTOR 1836287. doi:10.2307/1836287.
[22]
The Life of St. Patrick and His Place in History, archive.org
[23]
A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, archive.org
[24]
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures), archive.org
[25]
The Hellenistic Age: Aspects of Hellenistic Civilization, archive.org
[26]
A History of Freedom of Thought, gutenberg.org. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-24）.
[27]
The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth, gutenberg.org. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-24）.

外部連結

[1] [1]
Brian Young, "History", in Mark Bevir, Historicism and the Human Sciences in Victorian Britain, 2017, ISBN 1107166683, p. 181

[2] [2]
Bruce Karl Braswell, A Commentary on Pindar Nemean Nine, 1998, ISBN 3110161249, p. ix

[3] [3]
Hepburn Baynes, Norman. A Bibliography of the Works of J. B. Bury. Cambridge: CUP Archive. 1929: 1 [2019-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-29）（英語）.

[4] [4]
Irish Times, 2008-05-21

[5] [5]
Glasgow University jubilee. The Times (36481) (London). 1901-06-14. p. 10. 模板中使用了待廢棄的參數（使用說明）

[6] [6]
University intelligence. The Times (36893) (London). 1902-10-08. p. 4. 模板中使用了待廢棄的參數（使用說明）

[7] [7]
Goldstein, Doris. J.B. Bury's Philosophy of history: A Reappraisal. The American Historical Review. 1977-10, 82 (4): 896–919. JSTOR 1865117. doi:10.1086/ahr/82.4.896.

[8] [8]
Bury, John Bagnell. The science of history. Selected Essays. CUP Archive. 1930: 9 [2015-04-01]. 原文：I may remind you that history is not a branch of literature. The facts of history, like the facts of geology or astronomy, can supply material for literary art; for manifest reasons they lend themselves to artistic representation far more readily than those of the natural sciences; but to clothe the story of human society in a literary dress is no more the part of a historian as a historian, than it is the part of an astronomer as an astronomer to present in an artistic shape the story of the stars.

[9] [9]
Stern, Fritz. The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present. Random House. 1972: 214. ISBN 0-394-71962-X.

[10] [10]
Goldstein, Doris. J.B. Bury's Philosophy of history: A Reappraisal. The American Historical Review. 1977-10, 82 (4): 897 (896–919). JSTOR 1865117. doi:10.1086/ahr/82.4.896.

[11] [11]
Bury, J. B. History of Freedom of Thought. London: Williams & Norgate. 1913: 20. 原文：Some people speak as if we were not justified in rejecting a theological doctrine unless we can prove it false. But the burden of proof does not lie upon the rejecter.... If you were told that in a certain planet revolving around Sirius there is a race of donkeys who speak the English language and spend their time in discussing eugenics, you could not disprove the statement, but would it, on that account, have any claim to be believed? Some minds would be prepared to accept it, if it were reiterated often enough, through the potent force of suggestion.

[12] [12]
The Nemean Odes of Pindar, archive.org

[13] [13]
The Isthmian Odes of Pindar, archive.org

[14] [14]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume One (PDF). [2006-07-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-03）.

[15] [15]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume Two (PDF). [2006-07-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-03）.

[16] [16]
A History of the Roman Empire From its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius, archive.org

[17] [17]
Richards, F. T. Review of A History of the Roman Empire, from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius by J. B. Bury. The Academy. 1893-11-25, 44 (1125): 459.

[18] [18]
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802–867), archive.org

[19] [19]
A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, LacusCurtius. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-01）.

[20] [20]
The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, archive.org

[21] [21]
Thorndike, Lynn. Review of The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians by J. B. Bury. The American Historical Review. April 1929, 34 (3): 564–566. JSTOR 1836287. doi:10.2307/1836287.

[22] [22]
The Life of St. Patrick and His Place in History, archive.org

[23] [23]
A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, archive.org

[24] [24]
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures), archive.org

[25] [25]
The Hellenistic Age: Aspects of Hellenistic Civilization, archive.org

[26] [26]
A History of Freedom of Thought, gutenberg.org. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-24）.

[27] [27]
The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth, gutenberg.org. [2020-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-24）.

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