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甲烷桿菌屬（學名：Methanobacterium）為甲烷桿菌目甲烷桿菌科的一屬革蘭氏陽性菌。可在水田、沉積物或其他缺氧的且除CO2外無其他無機電子受體（如硝酸鹽或硫酸鹽）存在的環境分離到。此屬的模式種為甲酸甲烷桿菌(Methanobacterium formicicum)。
本屬包括以下物種：
- Methanobacterium aarhusense Shlimon et al. 2004
- Methanobacterium aggregans Kern et al. 2015
- 嗜鹼甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium alcaliphilum Worakit et al. 1986
- 耐熱鹼甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium alkalithermotolerans Mei et al. 2022[1]
- Methanobacterium arbophilicum Zeikus and Henning 1975，為Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus (Zeikus and Henning 1975) Balch and Wolfe 1981的異名
- Methanobacterium arcticum Shcherbakova et al. 2011
- 北京甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium beijingense Ma et al. 2005
- 布氏甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe 1981
- Methanobacterium congolense Cuzin et al. 2001
- Methanobacterium defluvii Kotelnikova et al. 1994，異名
- 依斯甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium espanolae Patel et al. 1990
- Methanobacterium ferruginis Mori and Harayama 2011
- Methanobacterium flexile Zhu et al. 2011
- 甲酸甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium formicicum Schnellen 1947
- 伊氏甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium ivanovii Jain et al. 1988
- Methanobacterium kanagiense Kitamura et al. 2011
- Methanobacterium lacus Borrel et al. 2012
- Methanobacterium mobile Paynter and Hungate 1968，也拼作：Methanobacterium mobilis
- Methanobacterium movens Zhu et al. 2011
- Methanobacterium movilense Schirmack et al. 2014
- Methanobacterium oryzae Joulian et al. 2000
- Methanobacterium paludis Cadillo-Quiroz et al. 2014
- 沼澤甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium palustre Zellner et al. 1990
- Methanobacterium petrolearium Mori and Harayama 2011
- Methanobacterium ruminantium Smith and Hungate 1958，為Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (Smith and Hungate 1958) Balch and Wolfe 1981的異名
- Methanobacterium spitsbergense Trubitsyn et al. 2024[2]
- 地下甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium subterraneum Kotelnikova et al. 1998
- 熱聚甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium thermaggregans Blotevogel and Fischer 1988，也拼作Methanobacterium thermoaggregans
- 嗜熱鹼甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium thermalcaliphilum corrig. Blotevogel et al. 1988，為Methanobacterium thermoalcaliphilum的異名
- 熱自養甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium thermautotrophicus corrig. Zeikus and Wolfe 1972，也拼作：Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum，Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus
- 熱甲酸甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium thermoflexum Kotelnikova et al. 1994，為Methanothermobacter thermoflexus (Kotelnikova et al. 1994) Boone 2002的異名
- Methanobacterium thermoformicicum Zhilina and Ilarionov 1986，為Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Zeikus and Wolfe 1972) Wasserfallen et al. 2000的異名
- 嗜熱甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium thermophilum Laurinavichus et al. 1990，為Methanothermobacter thermophilus (Laurinavichus et al. 1990) Boone 2002的異名
- 泥沼甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium uliginosum König 1985
- Methanobacterium veterum Krivushin et al. 2010
- 沃氏甲烷桿菌 Methanobacterium wolfei Winter et al. 1985，為Methanothermobacter wolfei (Winter et al. 1985) Wasserfallen et al. 2000的異名
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