阿布·阿里·哈桑·伊本·哈桑·伊本·海什木（阿拉伯語：محمد بن الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم أبو على البصري，羅馬化：Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham，965年—1040年），一般簡稱伊本·海什木（阿拉伯語：ابن الهيثم），阿拉伯學者、物理學家、數學家。歐洲人稱之為海桑（又譯哈金，拉丁語：Alhazen）。他有大量著作和被現代科學證明了的科學發現，尤其在光學研究方面有突出成就。
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伊本·海什木出生於965年7月1日（伊斯蘭曆354年）在伊拉克的巴斯拉城。被認為是在不同學科都有傑出的成績，如數學、天文學、醫學等等，他早期學習工程，讀希臘科學的書，和關於安達盧西亞學說的精華，接收並發展了這些學說。當時的埃及哈里發召集他參與控制尼羅河泛濫的工程，但是經過他的研究發現那是不可能實現的，從而招致哈里發非常憤怒。於是海什木就以裝瘋的方式避免了嚴重懲罰，轉而被軟禁，直到哈里發1021年死去。在此期間他完成了大量重要的數學論文。
古典時期流行著兩種關於視覺的主要理論。 第一個理論，即發射理論，得到了歐幾里得和托勒密等思想家的支持，他們認為視覺是通過眼睛發射光線來實現的。 第二種理論，即亞里斯多德及其追隨者支持的引入理論，認為物理形式是從物體進入眼睛的。 以前的伊斯蘭作家（例如金迪）主要是根據歐幾里得學派、蓋倫學派或亞里斯多德學派的觀點進行爭論。 對《光學之書》影響最大的是托勒密的《光學》，而對眼睛的解剖學和生理學的描述則基於蓋倫的敘述。 [54]伊本·海什木的成就是提出了一種理論，成功地將歐幾里得的數學射線論證、蓋倫的醫學傳統和亞里斯多德的引入理論部分結合起來。 伊本·海什木的引入理論追隨了金迪（並與亞里斯多德決裂），斷言「從每個有色物體的每個點，受到任何光的照射，都會沿著從該點畫出的每條直線發出光和顏色」。 [55] 這給他留下了解釋如何從許多獨立的輻射源形成相干圖像的問題； 特別是物體的每個點都會向眼睛的每個點發送光線。
伊本·海什木需要的是物體上的每個點僅對應於眼睛上的一個點。 [55] 他試圖通過斷言眼睛只會感知到來自物體的垂直光線來解決這個問題——對於眼睛上的任何一點，只有直接到達該點的光線才會被感知，而不會被眼睛的任何其他部分折射。 他用物理類比來論證，垂直光線比傾斜光線更強：就像直接扔向木板的球可能會打破木板，而傾斜地扔向木板的球會擦過一樣，垂直光線更強 與折射光線相比，眼睛只能看到垂直光線。 由於任意一點只有一條垂直光線進入眼睛，而所有這些光線都會以圓錐體的形式匯聚在眼睛的中心，這使得他解決了物體上的每個點向眼睛發出多條光線的問題。 如果只有垂直光線重要，那麼他就有了一對一的對應關係，並且可以解決混亂。 [56] 他後來斷言（在《光學》第七冊中）其他光線會通過眼睛折射並被感知為垂直的。 [57] 他關於垂直光線的論點並沒有清楚地解釋為什麼只能感知到垂直光線； 為什麼較弱的傾斜光線不會被感知得更弱？[58]他後來關於折射光線將被感知為垂直的論點似乎沒有說服力。[59] 然而，儘管存在缺陷，但當時沒有其他理論如此全面，並且影響力巨大，特別是在西歐。 他的《光學之書》直接或間接地激發了 13 世紀至 17 世紀光學領域的許多活動。 克卜勒後來的視網膜圖像理論（解決了物體上的點與眼睛中的點的對應問題）直接建立在伊本·海什木的概念框架上。 [60]
伊本·海什木通過實驗證明光是沿直線傳播的，並用透鏡、鏡子、折射和反射進行了各種實驗。 [61] 他對反射和折射的分析分別考慮了光線的垂直和水平分量。[62]
伊本·海什木曾研究了視覺過程、眼睛的結構、眼睛中的圖像形成和視覺系統。 伊恩·P·霍華德 (Ian P. Howard) 在 1996 年發表的《感知》文章中指出，伊本·海什木的許多發現和理論都有助於西歐人在幾個世紀後撰寫的著作。 例如，他描述了 19 世紀的赫林平等神經支配定律。 他比阿吉洛尼烏斯早 600 年寫了一篇關於垂直雙眼視差的描述，實際上比阿吉洛尼烏斯的定義更接近現代定義，並且帕努姆在 1858 年重複了他關於雙眼視差的工作。 [63] 克雷格·阿恩-斯托克代爾（Craig Aaen-Stockdale）雖然同意伊本·海什木在許多進步方面取得了進展，但也表達了一些謹慎的態度，特別是在將伊本·海什木與托勒密分開考慮時，伊本·海什木曾與托勒密非常熟悉。 伊本·海什木糾正了托勒密關於雙眼視覺的一個重大錯誤，但除此之外他的描述非常相似； 托勒密還試圖解釋現在所謂的赫林定律。 [64] 總的來說，伊本·海什木曾建立並擴展了托勒密的光學。[65]
米哈遊發行的開放世界遊戲《原神》中的可操控人物艾爾海森以海什木作為原型。
Franz Rosenthal, Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition, Oriens (Brill Publishers), 1960–1961, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309 - ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
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