民主倒退
来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
民主倒退(英語:Democratic backsliding),又稱專制化(英語:autocratization)[1][2][a] ,是一個政治學術語,用以描述政治體制中民主特徵的減少[9] ,是民主化的反義詞。
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簡介
雖然自冷戰結束以來通過軍事政變進行的政權更迭有所減少,但更微妙的民主倒退形式卻有所增加。在20世紀後期的第三次民主化浪潮中,許多新的、制度化薄弱的民主國家建立起來。正是這些政權最容易受到民主倒退的影響。[10][11]自2010年自由民主國家數量到達歷史最高點以來,第三波專制化浪潮一直在持續。[12][13]
在民主國家,民主倒退是國家主導的民主的政治制度,例如權力的和平過渡或自由公正的選舉,被削弱而造成的。隨著時間的推移,對作為民主基礎的個人權利,尤其是言論自由的侵犯行為,使得民主制度的健康、效率和可持續性受到質疑。[14][11]
在國家處於巨大危機期間,尤其存在民主倒退的風險。當領導人在緊急狀態期間實施與危機嚴重程度不成比例的獨裁規則在局勢改善後仍然存在時,就會發生這種情況。[15]
表現
延伸閱讀
- Andersen, David. Comparative Democratization and Democratic Backsliding: The Case for a Historical-Institutional Approach. Comparative Politics. July 2019, 51 (4): 645–663. JSTOR 26663952. S2CID 201373568. doi:10.5129/001041519X15647434970117.
- Bieber, Florian. The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. Springer Nature. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-22149-2 (英語).
- Cheeseman, Nic; Klaas, Brian. How to Rig an Election. New Haven. 2018. ISBN 978-0-300-20443-8.
- Daly, Tom Gerald. Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. April 2019, 11 (1): 9–36. S2CID 159354232. doi:10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2.
- Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert. Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-1-108-95840-0 (英語).
- Foa, Roberto Stefan; Mounk, Yascha. The Danger of Deconsolidation: The Democratic Disconnect. Journal of Democracy. 2016, 27 (3): 5–17 [2022-09-27]. S2CID 156622248. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0049. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-11).
- Jee, Haemin; Lueders, Hans; Myrick, Rachel (2021). "Towards a unified approach to research on democratic backsliding". Democratization
- Klaas, Brian. Despot's Accomplice: How the West is Aiding and Abetting the Decline of Democracy. Hurst Publishers. 2016. ISBN 978-1-84904-930-6.
- Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown. 2018. ISBN 978-1-5247-6293-3.
- Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. 2010. ISBN 9780511781353. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511781353.
- Przeworski, Adam. 2019. Crises of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Qvortrup, Matt. Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Slow Demise of Democracy. De Gruyter. 2021. ISBN 978-3-11-071332-9 (英語).
- Waldner, David; Lust, Ellen. Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding. Annual Review of Political Science. 2018-05-11, 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628
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注釋
參考資料
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