比武審判

比武審判是日耳曼法中一種在缺少證人或供詞的情況下解決指控的方法，在使用比武審判解決糾紛時，爭議雙方必須進行單挑；戰鬥的勝利者被宣布勝訴。實質上這是一種司法認可的決鬥。它在整個歐洲中世紀一直被人採用，從16世紀時開始比武審判這一方法逐步被人們所棄用。

這幅1540年代的作品描繪了1409年在奧格斯堡舉行的一場比武審判，決鬥方分別為威廉·馮·多恩斯伯格（Wilhelm von Dornsberg）元帥和西奧多·哈切納克（Theodor Haschenacker）。雖然多恩斯伯格的劍在決鬥開始時就斷了，但他最終用自己的劍殺死了哈切納克

參考文獻

• Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890), Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols. London
• Boretius, Alfred (1883) Capitularia Regum Francorum 2 vols. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, LL S. 2.
• O'Donovan, John (1851) (ed.) Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters (1851).
• Quennell, Marjorie; Quennell, C. H. B., A History of Everyday Things in England 4, B. T. Batsford, 1969 [1918]
• Ziegler, V. L., Trial by Fire and Battle in Medieval German Literature, Camden House, 2004
• Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (London)
• The Newgate Calendar
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War: 1603–1642, Adegi Graphics LLC, 2000, ISBN 1-4021-8410-7
• Mackenzie, Eneas; Ross, Marvin, An historical, topographical, and descriptive view of the county palatine of Durham: comprehending the various subjects of natural, civil, and ecclesiastical geography, agriculture, mines, manufactures, navigation, trade, commerce, buildings, antiquities, curiosities, public ... 2, Mackenzie and Den, 1834
• Megarry, Sir Robert, A New Miscellany-at-Law: Yet Another Diversion for Lawyers and Others, 2005 [2021-10-09], ISBN 978-1-84113-554-0, （原始內容存檔於2021-10-09）
• Neilson, George; Sereni, Angelo Piero, Trial by Combat reprint, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.: 326, 2009, ISBN 978-1-58477-985-8. Full 1890 edition （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） available online.
• Rennix, Brianna; Abraham, Sparky. Trial by Combat and the Myths of Our Modern Legal System. Current Affairs. September 2020 [October 2, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-02）.
• Shoenfeld, Mark, Waging battle: Ashford v Thornton, Ivanhoe and legal violence, Simmons, Clare (編), Medievalism and the Quest for the "Real" Middle Ages, Routledge: 61–86, 1997 [2021-10-09], ISBN 978-0-7146-5145-3, （原始內容存檔於2021-03-21）

外部連結

• Charters relating to Judicial Duels, 11th – 12th Century （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）