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半翅目的一个下目昆虫 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
椿象下目(學名:Pentatomomorpha),又稱蝽下目、蝽次目[1]:166,是半翅目異翅亞目的一個下目,包含了椿象科、扁椿象科、星椿象科、緣椿象科、長椿象科和地長椿象科等椿象物種。椿象下目和臭蟲下目(Cimicomorpha)的關係相近[2]。基於化石的形態學研究,椿象下目物種的最近共同祖先的出現時期相信比三疊紀晚期還要久遠。
椿象下目的物種在農業及林業扮演著重要的角色,因為牠們大多為農業和林業的重要害蟲[3],對牠們的研究可用於如何有效控制牠們的族群數量。此外,也有少數椿象下目的物種為掠食者,在農業上被用來防治其他害蟲。
椿象下目通常分為5個總科,其中的扁椿象總科(扁蝽總科)為現存最基部的分支,而其他較為新近的分支經常會合併為一個叫作Trichophora的演化支[3][4][5]。這五個總科分別如下[6][5]:
在這五個總科當中,椿象總科傳統上被認為是整個下目最大的一個單系群,而 other three form a close-knit group and are in serious need of redelimitation.[5] The Idiostolidae are usually considered a family of the Lygaeoidea, but in the past have been placed in a distinct 單型 superfamily Idiostoloidea, for example. The Piesmatidae, usually placed in the Lygaeoidea also, are sometimes considered 地位未定,[7] or placed in a 單型 superfamily Piesmatoidea with the discovery of Cretopiesma. However a cladistic analysis rejected Cretopiesma from Piesmatidae and placed the genus in the family Aradidae[8]。
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