柯石英

柯石英（英語：Coesite）是二氧化矽 SiO2 的一種形式（多晶型物），當對石英施加非常高的壓力（2-3 吉帕斯卡）和中等高溫（700°C，1,300°F）時形成。柯石英首先由諾頓公司的化學家 Loring Coes Jr. 於 1953 年合成。^[1].

1960 年，Edward C. T. Chao 與Eugene Shoemaker在美國亞利桑那州巴林傑（英語：Barringer）隕石坑^[2] 找到了自然形成的柯石英，這證明該隕石坑一定是由撞擊形成的。此後若柯石英在未變質岩石中找到，就證明為是隕石撞擊或原子彈爆炸的證據。

在變質岩中，柯石英最初被發現是從地函來的榴輝岩中的捕虜岩。被上升的岩漿攜帶到地面。在金伯利岩（英語：kimberlite）中這類捕虜岩很多^[3]。柯石英是屬高壓礦物，代表超高壓變質作用的最佳指標礦物之一^[4]。這種超高壓變質岩通常在隱沒帶造成。當地殼岩石被帶到 70 公里（43 英里）或更深的深度。就能造成柯石英。柯石英是在高於約 2.5 GPa (25 kbar) 的壓力和高於約 700 °C 的溫度下形成的。相對應於地球約 70 公里的深度。當含柯石英的岩石被抬升到地表時，柯石英顆粒的表面會轉換成石英。能對顆粒內部施壓，進而保護顆粒內部，在減壓下不穩定的柯石英。這就形成柯石英包裹體，而周邊石英具有多晶型的特徵。

很多世界各地的超高壓變質岩中發現柯石英，包括義大利西部阿爾卑斯山的多拉邁拉（英語：Dora Maira）^[4]，德國的厄爾士山脈（英語：Erzgebirge）^[5]. 南極洲的蘭特曼山脈（英語：Lanterman Range）^[6]，哈薩克斯坦的科克切塔夫地塊（英語：Kokchetav Massif）^[7]，挪威西部片麻岩地區，^[8]，中國東部大別山山脈，^[9]，巴基斯坦東部喜馬拉雅山脈，^[10]和佛蒙特州Vermont 阿巴拉契亞山脈Appalachian Mountains。^[11]。

柯石英是一種四面體中每個矽原子被四個氧原子包圍的網狀矽酸鹽。然後每個氧原子與兩個Si原子形成框架。在單位晶體中，矽原子有兩個不同的位置而氧原子有五個不同的位置。儘管單位晶體在形狀上接近於六邊形，但它本質上是單斜晶體。柯石英的晶體結構與長石相似，這種結構在石英的穩定環境內是亞穩定狀態的，柯石英會變回石英，隨之體積會增加。這種變質在地球表面的低溫下進行得非常緩慢^[12]。

以人名命名的礦物列表

[1]
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (eds.). "Coesite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209716. Retrieved December 5, 2011
[2]
Chao, E. C. T.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Madsen, B. M. (1960). "First Natural Occurrence of Coesite". Science. 132 (3421): 220–2. Bibcode:1960Sci...132..220C. doi:10.1126/science.132.3421.220. PMID 17748937. S2CID 45197811
[3]
Smyth, Joseph R.; Hatton, C.J. (1977). "A coesite-sanidine grospydite from the Roberts Victor kimberlite". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 34 (2): 284. Bibcode:1977E&PSL..34..284S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(77)90012-7
[4]
Chopin, Christian (1984). "Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: a first record and some consequences". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 86 (2): 107–118. Bibcode:1984CoMP...86..107C. doi:10.1007/BF00381838. S2CID 128818052
[5]
Massonne, H.-J. (2001). "First find of coesite in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic area of the central Erzgebirge, Germany". European Journal of Mineralogy. 13 (3): 565–570. Bibcode:2001EJMin..13..565M. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0565
[6]
Ghiribelli, B.; Frezzotti, M.L. & Palmeri, R. (2002). "Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman Range (Antarctica): Evidence from textural and Raman studies". European Journal of Mineralogy. 14 (2): 355–360. Bibcode:2002EJMin..14..355G. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0355
[7]
Korsakov, A.V.; Shatskiy, V. S. & Sobolev N.V. (1998). "Первая находка коэсита в эклогитах Кокчетавского массива (First occurrence of coesite in eclogites from the Kokchetav Massif)". Doklady Earth Sciences. 359: 77–81
[8]
Smith, D.C. (1984). "Coesite in clinopyroxene in the Caledonides and its implications for geodynamics". Nature. 310 (5979): 641–644. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..641S. doi:10.1038/310641a0. S2CID 4330257
[9]
Schertl, H.-P.; Okay, A.I. (1994). "A coesite inclusion in dolomite in Dabie Shan, China: petrological and rheological significance". Eur. J. Mineral. 6 (6): 995–1000. Bibcode:1994EJMin...6..995S. doi:10.1127/ejm/6/6/0995
[10]
O'Brien, P.J., N. Zotov, R. Law, M.A. Khan and M.Q. Jan (2001). "Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India-Asia collision". Geology. 29 (5): 435–438. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..435O. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0435:CIHEAI>2.0.CO;2
[11]
Joseph Gonzalez, Suzanne Baldwin, Jay B Thomas, William O Nachlas, Paul G Fitzgerald (2019). "First Discovery of Coesite in the Appalachians: Characterization of Prograde Metamorphism in a Taconic Metapelite". AGU Fall Meeting. 2019: V51B–03. Bibcode:2019AGUFM.V51B..03G
[12]
Levien L.; Prewitt C.T. (1981). "High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 324–333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2009-12-15

[”Anthony”-1] [1]
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (eds.). "Coesite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209716. Retrieved December 5, 2011

[”Chao”-2] [2]
Chao, E. C. T.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Madsen, B. M. (1960). "First Natural Occurrence of Coesite". Science. 132 (3421): 220–2. Bibcode:1960Sci...132..220C. doi:10.1126/science.132.3421.220. PMID 17748937. S2CID 45197811

[”Smyth”-3] [3]
Smyth, Joseph R.; Hatton, C.J. (1977). "A coesite-sanidine grospydite from the Roberts Victor kimberlite". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 34 (2): 284. Bibcode:1977E&PSL..34..284S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(77)90012-7

[Chopin-4] [4]
Chopin, Christian (1984). "Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: a first record and some consequences". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 86 (2): 107–118. Bibcode:1984CoMP...86..107C. doi:10.1007/BF00381838. S2CID 128818052

[Massonne”-5] [5]
Massonne, H.-J. (2001). "First find of coesite in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic area of the central Erzgebirge, Germany". European Journal of Mineralogy. 13 (3): 565–570. Bibcode:2001EJMin..13..565M. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0565

[”Ghiribelli”-6] [6]
Ghiribelli, B.; Frezzotti, M.L. & Palmeri, R. (2002). "Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman Range (Antarctica): Evidence from textural and Raman studies". European Journal of Mineralogy. 14 (2): 355–360. Bibcode:2002EJMin..14..355G. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0355

[”Korsakov”-7] [7]
Korsakov, A.V.; Shatskiy, V. S. & Sobolev N.V. (1998). "Первая находка коэсита в эклогитах Кокчетавского массива (First occurrence of coesite in eclogites from the Kokchetav Massif)". Doklady Earth Sciences. 359: 77–81

[”Smith”-8] [8]
Smith, D.C. (1984). "Coesite in clinopyroxene in the Caledonides and its implications for geodynamics". Nature. 310 (5979): 641–644. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..641S. doi:10.1038/310641a0. S2CID 4330257

[”Schertl,”-9] [9]
Schertl, H.-P.; Okay, A.I. (1994). "A coesite inclusion in dolomite in Dabie Shan, China: petrological and rheological significance". Eur. J. Mineral. 6 (6): 995–1000. Bibcode:1994EJMin...6..995S. doi:10.1127/ejm/6/6/0995

[”O'Brien”-10] [10]
O'Brien, P.J., N. Zotov, R. Law, M.A. Khan and M.Q. Jan (2001). "Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India-Asia collision". Geology. 29 (5): 435–438. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..435O. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0435:CIHEAI>2.0.CO;2

[”Gonzalez”-11] [11]
Joseph Gonzalez, Suzanne Baldwin, Jay B Thomas, William O Nachlas, Paul G Fitzgerald (2019). "First Discovery of Coesite in the Appalachians: Characterization of Prograde Metamorphism in a Taconic Metapelite". AGU Fall Meeting. 2019: V51B–03. Bibcode:2019AGUFM.V51B..03G

[”Levien”-12] [12]
Levien L.; Prewitt C.T. (1981). "High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 324–333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2009-12-15

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Wikiwand in your browser!

柯石英

Wikiwand in your browser!

產地

結晶構造

參見

參考文獻