德國醫療制度

德國擁有一個覆蓋全民^[1] 多方參與的醫療系統．德國的醫療保險主要有兩種: 一種是"法定醫療保險" (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) 也叫疾病基金，第二種是 "私人醫療保險" (Private Krankenversicherung).^[2]^[3]^[4]

強制醫療保險適用於收入低於設定標準之下的人群，由私立非營利性的＂疾病基金＂提供．它對所有參保人實行相同的醫療保障，保費由參保人和參保人雇主聯合承擔．強制醫療保險的補償標準是在州一級由各個自主利益集團（例如醫師協會）通過複雜的社會協商來決定．疾病基金按規定必須覆蓋廣大的人群，它不能通過按精算方法來歧視或決絕任何人參保．另外有少數人的保險是由稅收支付的政府公務員保險或者或者社會福利保險．收入高於強制醫療保險設定標準之上的人，可以參加疾病基金（多數人確實是這麼做的），也可以購買私人醫療保險. 各式各樣的對疾病基金的補充性私人保險可供人們選擇．

歷史沿革

1970至今

管理

醫療保險

保險體制

公共保險

私立保險

統計數據

主要疾病

醫院

引用

[1]
Bump, Jesse B. The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy (PDF). Seattle: PATH. October 19, 2010 [March 10, 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-01-18）. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris. Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage (PDF). International Social Security Review. January 2005, 58 (1): 45–64 [March 10, 2013]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-06-27）. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer. One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries? (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. May 2002, 54 (10): 1559–1587 [March 10, 2013]. PMID 12061488. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-15）. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses. Authors list列表中的|first3=缺少|last3= (幫助)
[2]
The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States. Cthealth.server101.com. [2011-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-23）.
[3]
Health Insurance in Germany – Information in the English & German Language. [2014-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-06）.
[4]
存档副本 (PDF). [2012-01-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2006-02-21）.

[Bump_2010-1] [1]
Bump, Jesse B. The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy (PDF). Seattle: PATH. October 19, 2010 [March 10, 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-01-18）. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris. Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage (PDF). International Social Security Review. January 2005, 58 (1): 45–64 [March 10, 2013]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-06-27）. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer. One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries? (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. May 2002, 54 (10): 1559–1587 [March 10, 2013]. PMID 12061488. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-15）. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses. Authors list列表中的|first3=缺少|last3= (幫助)

[2] [2]
The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States. Cthealth.server101.com. [2011-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-23）.

[3] [3]
Health Insurance in Germany – Information in the English & German Language. [2014-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-06）.

[4] [4]
存档副本 (PDF). [2012-01-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2006-02-21）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]