尤里·奧爾洛夫

尤里·費奧多羅維奇·奧爾洛夫（俄語：Юрий Фёдорович Орлов，英語：Yuri Feodorovich Orlov，1924年8月13日—2020年9月27日）生於蘇俄莫斯科，是康乃爾大學物理學與政府學教授，前蘇聯異見分子，^[7]前蘇聯核物理學家和與人權運動者^[8]，創辦了莫斯科赫爾辛基小組^[9]和蘇聯大赦國際團體^[10]。作為蘇聯人權運動的創始人^[11]，他曾因密切關注赫爾辛基人權運動而服刑^[12]流亡九年，被認為是良心犯。^[13]

尤里·奧爾洛夫 Yuri Orlov Юрий Фёдорович Орлов
奧爾洛夫（攝於1986年暑期）
出生	1924年8月13日  蘇聯 俄羅斯莫斯科
逝世	2020年9月27日(2020歲—09—27)（96歲）  美國紐約州伊薩卡
國籍	蘇聯（1924－1986；1990－1991） 無國籍 （1986－1990；1991－1993）  美國（1993－2020）
母校	莫斯科國立大學
知名於	他在核子物理學的成就和在蘇聯人權運動的活動
配偶	Irina Lagunova[2] Irina Valitova[3][4] Sidney Orlov[5]
兒女	sons Dmitri, Aleksandr,[6] Lev[2]
獎項	卡特藝術館人權獎 (1986) 烏普薩拉大學名譽博士 (1990)[1] 安德烈·薩哈洛夫獎 (2006)
科學生涯
研究領域	核物理

早年生涯

1924年8月13日，尤里·奧爾洛夫出生於莫斯哥附近村莊的一個工人家庭。^[14]他的父母是Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva和Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov。1933年3月，其父作古。

1944至1946年間，奧爾洛夫是蘇聯軍隊的一個軍官。^[15]1952年，他從莫斯科國立大學畢業，加入理論與實驗物理研究所學習。^[16]隨後成為研究所的物理學家。

參考資料

1. 存档副本. [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-29）.
2. Орлов Юрий Федорович (р. 1924) [Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich (b. 1924)]. The Sakharov Center. [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-12） （俄語）.
3. Shultz, George. Turmoil and triumph: my years as secretary of state. Scribner's. 1993: 749. ISBN 0684193256.
4. Yuri Orlov vows he'll continue to struggle for human rights. Kentucky New Era. 2 October 1986: 48 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-16）.
5. The Yuri Orlov file. The National Security Archive. [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-19）.
6. Orlov receives maximum sentence (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly LXXXV (113). 21 May 1978: 2 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-12-29）.
7. Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. Human Rights Watch. 1991: 296 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-28）.
8. Zellick, Graham. The criminal trial and the disruptive defendant. The Modern Law Review. March 1980, 43 (2): 121–135 [2018-11-12]. JSTOR 1094873. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01585.x. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）.
9. CERN turns its back on Yuri Orlov. New Scientist. 2 July 1981, 91 (1260): 4 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-05）.
10. Garelik, Glenn. Science and dissidence. The Washington Post. 21 July 1991 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-12）.
11. Founder of the Soviet human-rights movement. U.S. News & World Report. 10 October 1986, 101 (16): 23 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
12. Orlov receives red carpet from Western science. New Scientist. 9 October 1986, 112 (1529): 16.
13. Halperin, Israel. Prisoners of conscience. Physics Today. December 1984, 37 (12): 94. Bibcode:1984PhT....37l..94H. doi:10.1063/1.2916026.
14. Wren, Christopher. Man in the news; a pragmatic crusader: Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov. The New York Times. 1 October 1986 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-12）.
15. Andrei Sakharov and human rights. Council of Europe. 2010: 151 [2018-11-12]. ISBN 9287169470. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-29）.
16. Marshak, Robert. Orlov dissident trial in perspective. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. September 1978, 34 (7): 5–6 [2018-11-12]. doi:10.1080/00963402.1978.11458529. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-04）.

部分出版物

• Orlov, Yuri. Letter to L.I. Brezhnev. Survey. Spring–Summer 1974 [archived 2016-03-04; cited 2018-11-12];(14):241–245.
• Orlov, Yuri. The road to my arrest. The New Leader. March 1977;60(6).
• Orlov, Yuri. On prisoners in Soviet camps. Survey. Spring 1979 [archived 2016-03-04; cited 2018-11-12];(24):67–91.
• Orlov, Yuri. A quantum model of doubt. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. October 1981;373:84–92. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb51134.x. Bibcode:1981NYASA.373...84O.
• Orlov, Yuri. The wave logic of consciousness: a hypothesis. International Journal of Theoretical Physics. January 1982;21(1):37–53. doi:10.1007/BF01880263. Bibcode:1982IJTP...21...37O.
• Yury Orlov: I believe in the people. Index on Censorship. February 1987, 16 (2): 10. doi:10.1080/03064228708534201.
• Orlov, Yuri; Bethell, Nicholas. Out of the Gulag and into exile. Encounter. May 1987 [archived 2015-09-09; cited 2018-11-12];(26):48–52.
• Orlov, Yuri. Before and after glasnost. Commentary. 1 October 1988 [archived 2018-06-13; cited 2018-11-12];86(4):24.
• Orlov, Yuri. The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security. In: Corillon, Carol (ed.). Science and human rights. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1988. p. 62–67.
• Template:Vcite news
• Bonner, Elena; Orlov, Yuri. Armenia: an open letter. The New York Review of Books. 18 July 1991 [archived 2011-07-08; cited 2018-11-12].
• Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Перейти к полной свободе в сфере идей [Passing to full freedom in the area of ideas]. In: Aksyutin, Yuri; Medvedev, Roy [Юрий Аксютин, Рой Медведев] (eds.). Л.И. Брежнев: Материалы к биографии [L.I. Brezhnev: Materials to biography]. Moscow: Политиздат; 1991. Russian. ISBN 5-250-01721-5. p. 323–328. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Orlov, Yuri. Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1991. ISBN 0688104711.
• Орлов, Юрий. Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни [Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life]. Moscow: Аргументы и факты. 1992 [2018-11-12]. ISBN 585272002X. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-12） （俄語）.
• Birman, Joseph; Lizhi, Fang; Winick, Herman; Chudnovsky, Eugene; Orlov, Yuri. Science and human rights. Nature. August 1994;370(6491):592. doi:10.1038/370592a0. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..592B.
• Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. Akhmetiev I.; Kulakov V. [И. Ахметьев; В. Кулаков] (編). Самиздат века [Samizdat of the century]. Minsk: Полифакт. 1997 [2018-11-12]. ISBN 5-89356-004-3. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-10） （俄語）.
• Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. Igrunov, Vyacheslav [Вячеслав Игрунов] (編). Антология самиздата. Неподцензурная литература в СССР. 1950–1980-е.: В 3-х томах: т. 3: после 1973 [Anthology of samizdat. Uncensored literature in the USSR. The 1950s–1980s. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. After 1973] (PDF). Moscow: Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований. 2005: 191–205. ISBN 5-89793-034-1. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於8 March 2013） （俄語）.

相關資料

• 尤里·奧爾洛夫在康乃爾大學的首頁 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• 尤里·奧爾洛夫的簡歷 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Aftermath of the Orlov trial. Nature. 25 May 1978, 273 (5660): 255. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..255.. doi:10.1038/273255a0.
• APS joins in appeals for Orlov and Shcharansky. Physics Today. January 1985, 38 (1): 117. Bibcode:1985PhT....38Q.117.. doi:10.1063/1.2813731.
• Biography of Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov. Basket III: implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Ninety-fifth congress. First session on implementation of the Helsinki Accords (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977: 67–69. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於23 November 2015）.
• Exiled Yuri Orlov. Newsweek. 12 October 1984, 104 (23): 57 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-01）.
• News from Orlov's trial. Nature. 1 June 1978, 273 (5661): 329. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..329.. doi:10.1038/273329a0.
• Человек дня – Юрий Орлов, основатель и первый председатель Московской Хельсинкской Группы [The man of the day Yuri Orlov, the founder and first chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Group]. Radio Liberty. 13 May 2006 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04） （俄語）.
• Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Bukovsky, Vladimir; Amalrik, Andrei; Voikhanskaya, Marina; Plyushch, Leonid; Elina, Emilia; Voronina, Lidia; Bresenden, Yevgeniy. The Orlov tribunal. Index on Censorship. November 1977, 6 (6): 52–60 [2018-11-12]. doi:10.1080/03064227708532716. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-07）.
• Bethell, Nicholas. How Orlov survived in Soviet prison. The Montreal Gazette. 17 October 1986: A1, A5.
• Bromley, Allan; Feshbach, Herman; Garvey, Gerald; Hyde, Earl; Keller, Lewin; Weneser, Joseph. Soviet boycott by US physicists over Orlov. Physics Today. August 1978, 31 (8): 11. Bibcode:1978PhT....31h..11B. doi:10.1063/1.2995134.
• Carr, Bruce. Physicists petition Soviet Academy on Orlov arrest. Physics Today. May 1977, 30 (5): 112. Bibcode:1977PhT....30e.112C. doi:10.1063/1.3037583.
• De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik. Orlov, Jurij Fedorovič. Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1982: 405–406 [2018-11-12]. ISBN 9024725380. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-09）.
• Hyman, Lloyd; Katz, Joseph; O'Connor, Timothy; Peshkin, Murray; Ringo, Roy. Concerning Y. Orlov and A. Sharansky. Science. 21 October 1977, 198 (4314): 251. Bibcode:1977Sci...198..253H. PMID 17770484. doi:10.1126/science.198.4314.251.
• Jacobs, Michael. Current response to Orlov jailing. Physics Today. June 1979, 32 (6): 78. Bibcode:1979PhT....32f..78J. doi:10.1063/1.2995603.
• Jacobs, Michael. Yuri Orlov's wife fears for his health. Physics Today. December 1979, 32 (12): 88. Bibcode:1979PhT....32l..88J. doi:10.1063/1.2995338.
• Rich, Vera. Yurii Orlov suffers two trials. Nature. 18 May 1978, 273 (5659): 178. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..178R. doi:10.1038/273178a0.
• Rich, Vera. Americans cancel visits in protest over Orlov. Nature. 25 May 1978, 273 (5660): 258. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..258R. doi:10.1038/273258a0.
• Rich, Vera. A day in the life of Yurii Orlov. Nature. 22 February 1979, 277 (5698): 591 [2018-11-12]. Bibcode:1979Natur.277Q.591R. doi:10.1038/277591a0. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-12）.
• Rich, Vera. Soviet Union: Orlov's fate in balance. Nature. 16 February 1984, 307 (5952): 585. Bibcode:1984Natur.307Q.585R. doi:10.1038/307585a0.
• Rich, Vera. Orlov appeal. Nature. 23 February 1984, 307 (5953): 673. Bibcode:1984Natur.307..673R. doi:10.1038/307673b0.
• Rich, Vera. Soviet Union: freedom at last for Orlov. Nature. 9 October 1986, 323 (6088): 478. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..478R. doi:10.1038/323478a0.
• Sakharov, Andrei; Meiman, Naum. The plight of Yuri Orlov. Harvard International Review. March–April 1982, 4 (6): 50. JSTOR 42762207.
• Shapley, Deborah. Handler protests Orlov trial. Science. 2 June 1978, 200 (4345): 1026. Bibcode:1978Sci...200.1026S. PMID 17740677. doi:10.1126/science.200.4345.1026.
• Sessler, Andrew. Reflections occasioned by the release of Yuri Orlov. Physics Today. November 1986, 39 (11): 168. Bibcode:1986PhT....39k.168S. doi:10.1063/1.2815231.
• Sweet, William. Orlov provides perspectives on Gorbachev's reforms. Physics Today. May 1987, 40 (5): 79. Bibcode:1987PhT....40e..79S. doi:10.1063/1.2820021.
• Turchin, Valentin. Orlov in exile. Physics Today. July 1985, 38 (38): 9. Bibcode:1985PhT....38g...9T. doi:10.1063/1.2814623.

視頻

• Natella Boltyanskaya. Восемнадцатая серия. Юрий Орлов [The eighteenth part. Yuri Orlov]. Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People. 8 September 2014 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05） （俄語）.
• YouTube上的Юбилейный вечер Юрия Орлова [Anniversary evening of Yuri Orlov, 19 min, in Russian]

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