假想朋友

假想朋友（英文：Imaginary friend）也稱為假裝朋友、隱形朋友或虛構朋友，是一種心理和社會現象，其友誼或其他人際關係發生在想像中，而不是外部物理的現實世界中。儘管對於創作者來說，他們看起來很真實，但是孩子們通常都知道，他們的想像中的朋友不是真實的。^[1]據信，最初針對假想朋友的研究是在1890年代進行的。^[2]對於兒童假想朋友的出現和成長相關的訊息很少。然而，克勞森和帕斯曼（Klausen and Passman(2007)）報告說，假想的朋友最初被描述為超自然的生物和靈魂，被認為可以將人們與他們的前世聯繫起來。^[3]歷史早期的成年人擁有家庭神和守護天使之類的實體，還有充當虛構伴侶的繆斯女神，為創作工作提供舒適，指導和靈感。^[3]最終，想像中的同伴現像傳給了孩子們。兒童開始與虛構的朋友交往的時代是未知的，但這種現像有可能出現在19世紀中葉，當時人們強調將童年作為遊戲和想像的重要時間。^[3]

Caliban has a conversation with his imaginary friends in Folger Theatre's production of Shakespeare's The Tempest.

參見

• 兩院制 (心理學)
• 迷信
• 圖帕（Tulpa）

參考資料

1. Taylor, M. (1999) Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Klausen, Espen; Richard H. Passman. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): the emergence of a field. Journal of Genetic Psychology. December 2006, 167 (4): 349–364 [9 November 2011]. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364. Gale Document Number: GALE|A166239640.
3. Klausen, E.; Passman, R. H. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): The emergence of a field. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007, 167 (4): 349–364. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364.

延伸閱讀

• Dierker, L. C.; Davis, K. F.; Sanders, B. The imaginary companion phenomenon: An analysis of personality correlates and developmental antecedents.. Dissociation. 1995, 8: 220–228.
• Gleason, T. Social provisions of real and imaginary relationships in early childhood.. Developmental Psychology. 2002, 38 (6): 979–992. PMID 12428709. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.6.979.
• Gleason, T. (2009). 'Imaginary companions.' In Harry T. Reis & Susan Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Relationships (pp. 833–834). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Hall, E. (1982). 'The fearful child's hidden talents [Interview with Jerome Kagan].' Psychology Today, 16 (July), 50–59.
• Hurlock, E.; Burstein, M. The imaginary playmate: A questionnaire study.. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1932, 41 (2): 380–392. doi:10.1080/08856559.1932.10533102.
• Manosevitz, M.; Fling, S.; Prentice, N. Imaginary companions in young children: Relationships with intelligence, creativity and waiting ability.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1977, 18 (1): 73–78. PMID 838788. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00418.x.
• Manosevitz, M.; Prentice, N.; Wilson, F. Individual and family correlates of imaginary companions in preschool children.. Developmental Psychology. 1973, 8: 72–79. doi:10.1037/h0033834.
• Mauro, J. 'The friend that only I can see: A longitudinal investigation of children's imaginary companions' (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International. 1991, 52: 4995.
• Meyer, J.; Tuber, S. Intrapsychic and behavioral correlates of the phenomenon of imaginary companions in young children.. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 1989, 6 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.151.
• Nagera, H. The imaginary companion: Its significance for ego development and conflict solution.. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1969, 24: 165–195. doi:10.1080/00797308.1969.11822691.
• Partington, J., & Grant, C. (1984). 'Imaginary playmates and other useful fantasies.' In P. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 217–240). New York: Basil Blackwell.
• Imaginary Friends with Dr Evan Kidd （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） podcast interview with Dr Evan Kidd of La Trobe University