麥倫普塔赫石碑(The Merneptah Stele),別名以色列石碑(the Israel Stele)或法老麥倫普塔赫勝利紀念碑(Victory Stele of Merneptah)。這座石碑是一座大型暗色花崗岩石碑,為古埃及法老阿蒙霍特普三世所立。後來法老麥倫普塔赫在公元前1213年到前1203年在位,他在此石碑上刻下碑文。碑文內容紀念了法老麥倫普塔赫的一次重要戰役的勝利,此戰埃及軍隊擊敗了Libu 和 Meshwesh兩支利比亞人部落以及他們的海上民族盟友。碑文的最後兩行提及了先前發生在迦南的一次戰役,法老麥倫普塔赫在碑文中聲稱在此戰中他擊敗了亞實基倫(迦南地的非利士人城邦)、基色(Gezer,迦南地的城市)、雅羅安(Yanoam)、以色列等民族的軍隊。[1]
只有一行提到了以色列,該行的譯文為:「以色列慘遭蹂躪,幾乎滅種」("Israel is wasted, bare of seed")。該行另一種譯文為「以色列荒蕪,其種無存」("Israel lies waste, its seed no longer exists")。碑文提到迦南地的內容很少。以色列僅僅是和亞實基倫(Ashkelon)、基色(Gezer)和雅羅安(Yanoam)一起在碑文中提到一次罷了。法老麥倫普塔赫是在碑文中插入了這行提到他在迦南地的戰役,但碑文主要內容是他對利比亞部落和海上民族的戰役的勝利。提到麥倫普塔赫的迦南地戰役的碑文內容是,「迦南悲哀地臣服。亞實基倫被征服。基色被攻占。雅羅安不復存在。以色列慘遭蹂躪,幾乎滅種。」
Donald Redford提出的理論認為此「以色列」是一支與貝都因人類似的游牧人,埃及人稱之為「Shasu」。Redford注意到法老阿蒙霍特普三世的Soleb temple里的記載公元前15世紀的「Shasu」族群的列表中,有一個是「Yhw,在Shasu之地」。Yhw被認為是Yaw或Yahweh的早期形式。而Yahweh正是希伯來語聖經(基督教的聖經舊約)里以色列的上帝。這個以色列人和Shasu存在關係的學說被質疑。因為在麥倫普塔赫石碑碑文中,以色列人並未被描繪為Shasu。碑文中以色列人與迦南城邦亞實基倫人、基色人和雅羅安人,兩者在服裝和髮型上別無二致。[6]碑文中的亞實基倫人等城邦人民正在保衛自己的城市。「以色列」人緊接著在這些迦南地的城邦人民之後被提到。看來人們對此不會形成成熟可靠的結論。在麥倫普塔赫石碑之後,下一個提到以色列的非聖經文獻就是300年後的米沙石碑。米沙石碑碑文記載了以色列王暗利和摩押人的戰爭。麥倫普塔赫石碑時代200年後掃羅成為以色列聯合王國的王。這200年的歷史聖經的記載很粗略。以色列如何轉變為一個王國仍然需要研究。無論如何,麥倫普塔赫石碑是以色列歷史的重要資料,它是關於「以色列」的第一次官方紀錄,儘管信息不多。
Institute of Southern Adventist University 的Michael G. Hasel提出,在公元前13世紀晚期,以色列已經成為迦南地的一支成熟的政治力量。他認為麥倫普塔赫石碑固然沒有使得我們明確當時以色列的社會狀況,但碑文的確提到以色列意味著他成為埃及人在迦南地必須面對的政治實體。[7]
碑文片斷「以色列荒蕪,其種無存。」("Israel is laid waste; its seed is not.")
Carol A. Redmount, 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999), p.97
Alessandro Bongioanni & Maria Croce (ed.), The Treasures of Ancient Egypt: From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Universe Publishing, a division of Ruzzoli Publications Inc., 2003. p.186
Stager, Lawrence E., "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" in Michael Coogan ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, 2001. p.92
In the original text, the bird (a swallow) is placed below the t sign (a semicircle) but for reasons of legibility, the bird is here placed next to the t sign.
Coogan, Michael D., 1999. The Oxford History of the Biblical Word, Oxford University Press
Görg, Manfred. 2001. "Israel in Hieroglyphen." Biblische Notizen: Beiträge zur exegetischen Diskussion 106:21–27.
Hasel, Michael G. 1994. "Israel in the Merneptah Stela." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296:45–61.
Hasel, Michael G. 1998. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC. Probleme der Ägyptologie 11. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-*10984-6
Hasel, Michael G. 2003. "Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel" in Beth Alpert Nakhai ed. The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever, pp. 19–44. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 58. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. ISBN 0-89757-065-0
Hasel, Michael G. 2004. "The Structure of the Final Hymnic-Poetic Unit on the Merenptah Stela." Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 116:75–81.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1994. "The Physical Text of Merneptah's Victory Hymn (The 'Israel Stela')." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 24:71–76.
Kitchen, Kenneth A. Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated Translations. Volume 4: Merenptah & the Late Nineteenth Dynasty. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 0-631-18429-5
Kuentz, Charles. 1923. "Le double de la stèle d'Israël à Karnak." Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale 21:113–117.
Lichtheim, Miriam. 1976. Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Volume 2: The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Manassa, Colleen. 2003. The Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah: Grand Strategy in the Thirteenth Century BC. Yale Egyptological Studies 5. New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University. ISBN 0-9740025-0-X
Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Redmount, Carol A. 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed: Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999),
Stager, Lawrence E. 1985. "Merenptah, Israel and Sea Peoples: New Light on an Old Relief." Eretz Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographic Studies 18:56*–64*.
Stager, Lawrence E. 2001. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" in Michael Coogan ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World, pp. 90–129. New York: Oxford University Press.
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