義和團
中國清朝末期活動於中國北部的民間秘密組織 来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
義和團，又稱「義和拳」、「義民會」、「梅花拳」等，是一個興起於中國北部的秘密結社[2][3]。該組織曾於1899年至1901年期間於清朝各地發起義和團運動[4]。
| 義和團 | |||||||||||||||
| 正體字 | 義和團 | ||||||||||||||
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| 簡化字 | 义和团 | ||||||||||||||
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| 義民會 | |||||||||||||||
| 正體字 | 義民會 | ||||||||||||||
| 簡化字 | 义民会 | ||||||||||||||
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| 梅花拳 | |||||||||||||||
| 漢語 | 梅花拳 | ||||||||||||||
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| 義和拳 | |||||||||||||||
| 正體字 | 義和拳 | ||||||||||||||
| 簡化字 | 义和拳 | ||||||||||||||
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義和團起初由當時中國北方各地的獨立村莊組織形成，由於是秘密結社因此許多成員的身份不得而知，故而難以精確估計參與者的總數，但可能多達數十萬人。義和團在運動初期主要攻擊清廷[5]，但很快便轉而呼籲「扶清滅洋」，在支持清政府的同時抵制外國勢力[6][7]。
自1900年夏起，義和團成員開始大規模破壞當時在華外國人所擁有的財產，如鐵路和電報等現代設施，同時成批抓捕並殺害基督教傳教士與中國基督徒[8]。此後義和團開始擁護慈禧太后，並在之後參與抵抗由此引發的聯軍入侵，而後者近乎完全毀滅了義和團並最終結束了該運動，但其部分成員事後繼續參與了中國各地的其他秘密團體活動[9][10]。
名稱
在英語世界裡，義和團因其成員大多練習中國武術（當時被稱為「中國拳擊」，即「Chinese boxing」）而被通稱為「拳民」（Boxers）[11][12]。儘管該組織及其前身自19世紀80年代中期起便已普遍存在於民間，但其首次被外界稱為「義民會」是在1899年清朝為解決山東和直隸兩省的動亂而提交的一份報告中[13]。這一稱呼在後續的報告中被證明是一個錯誤，其實際名稱應為「義和團」[14]。
義和團曾於1898年期間被稱為「梅花拳」，但該名稱於在1899年以後幾乎不再使用[15]。
起源
清朝年間的一些秘密結社組織，如大刀會和白蓮教等，往往具有重大的力量與影響力。這些組織經常通過其武裝成員，利用當時中國許多地區缺乏秩序以及腐敗猖獗等現象來對廣大偏遠甚至中心地區施加控制並傳播影響[16]。
義和拳，被演繹為推廣和諧和正義的拳法，早在義和團運動很早以前就出現了。1779年，清政府調查了謠言，據此，一個姓楊的男子在山東冠縣中實踐義和拳，儘管當局無法確認[17]。
儘管起源於山東和河北的義和團運動將打算通過暴力來減輕政府對全中國的影響力，但該組織也試圖消除所有滲透清王朝的外國影響力。 該組織與其它秘密結社在消除基督徒的努力中有著深遠的聯繫，正如1896年7月4日可以看出的那樣，襲擊了山東西部德國傳教士的組織，後來受到義和團的控制[15]。
該運動最初是在19世紀80年代中期以類似目標的各種結社合成的，以當地有影響力的人士，諸如河北的張德成和山東的朱紅燈，都直接領導著規模小但忠誠的小團體。這些小團體協助當地的執法人員控制民眾，以減少清政府和外國人，尤其是基督徒的影響。
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與翻譯。
During 1898, the previously separate Boxer groups in Shandong and Hebei would fall under much more direct leadership, with the establishment of structure into the group in the form of ranks. This would also involve the renaming of the group into the "Plum Blossom Fists". However, the name-change was not used past 1898, with the name "Fists of Harmony and Justice" used instead.[15]
On 23 May 1898, an investigation was made by the 光緒帝 into disturbances in the Shandong-Zhili border region by a supposed "National Righteousness Group", with the possibility of 10,000 Boxer soldiers being under group command in this region. A representative of the monarchy, Zhang Rumei, would be sent along with an army to put down any unrest in the region. The result of the meeting was not negative, with Zhang reporting that there was no trouble in the region, along with more accurate reports on the group's smaller numbers.
The movement was primarily composed of peasants, to which were added idle youth, ruined artisans, and laid-off workers.[18] Some Boxer recruits were disbanded imperial soldiers and local militiamen.[19]
衝突
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與翻譯。
In March 1898, the Boxers started to agitate the population in the streets with the slogan "Uphold the Qing, destroy foreigners!". Their main leader was Cao Futian.[11] Other leaders in Zhili Province were Liu Chengxiang, and Zhang Decheng.
After a battle with the Imperial troops in October 1899, the Boxers focused mainly on missionaries and Christian activities, as they were considered "tainting the purity of the Chinese culture". The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxer's activities. The conservative element of the court was in favour of them. Prince Duan, a fervent supporter of their cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi.[20] At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show support.[21]
At the beginning of June 1900, about 450 men of the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived in Beijing to protect the foreign legations under siege by the Boxers and Imperial Army, in what was the Siege of the International Legations. The Boxers were at their peak, now supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. They changed their slogan to "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".[22]
The Boxers multiplied their murderous actions against foreigners and Chinese Christians. In Beijing, the Boxers were officially placed under command of members of the Court, such as Prince Duan. During the Rebellion, the Boxers, fighting troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance with close combat weapons or even their own hands, were decimated. After the conflict, The Empress Dowager Ci Xi ordered the repression of the remaining Boxers, in an attempt to calm the foreign nations.[23]
流行文化
義和團運動在尼古拉斯·雷執導的電影《北京55日》（1963）中有所描述。
楊謹倫的系列漫畫《義和團和殉教徒》（Boxers and Saints）中描繪了義和團。主角李寶（Lee Bao）成為義和團運動的領袖。
1976年，張徹執導的邵氏電影《八國聯軍》生動地刻畫了義和團運動。這部電影於1980年由World Northal公司在美國發行，名為《血腥復仇者》（The Bloody Avengers）。義和團也出現在電影《十八般武藝》（1982）和《上海正午2：上海騎士》（2003）中。紅燈照是一個隸屬於義和團的全女性團體，在電影《黃飛鴻之四：王者之風》（1993）中有所描繪。Netflix的電視劇《孫家兄弟》（2024）在情節中化用了義和團的名字和部分意識形態，以塑造一個主要的主角群體。
參見
書目
- Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (eds.) (2007). The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5394-1.
- Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement", Chinese Studies in History 20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.
- Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
Revised. Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780231106511. - Elliott, Jane E. Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2002. ISBN 962-201-973-0.
- Esherick, Joseph W. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. U of California Press. 1987. ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
- Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. New York: Walker. 2000. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0. British title: Besieged in Peking: The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising (London: Constable, 1999).
參考文獻
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