說明:盧森堡語國際音標
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下列圖表展示了在維基百科條目中用國際音標(IPA)表示盧森堡語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南,請參見{{IPA-lb}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。
這頁是維基百科的盧森堡語國際音標發音指南。 |
請參閱盧森堡語音系(英語:Luxembourgish phonology)以更全面地了解盧森堡語的發音。
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注釋
- Word-finally, the voiceless-voiced distinction in the obstruent pairs [p–b, t–d, k–ɡ, ts–dz, tʃ–dʒ, f–v, s–z, ɕ–ʑ, ʃ–ʒ, χ–ʁ] is neutralized, mostly in favor of the voiceless obstruents, but see the table titled Suprasegmentals (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68頁)).
- The /ʀ/ phoneme is realized as a trill [ʀ] when it is prevocalic within the same word and often when it is non-prevocalic in French loanwords (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 71頁)).
- When it is non-prevocalic within the same word, the /ʀ/ phoneme has many allophones:
- after short vowels, the non-prevocalic /ʀ/ is realized as a fricative, either voiced [ʁ] or voiceless [χ], depending on whether the following consonant is voiced or voiceless;
- /ʀ/ is fully absorbed into the preceding /aː/ in the non-prevocalic sequence /aːʀ/ and so Paart, Taart and waarm are pronounced [paːt], [taːt] and [vaːm], as if they were spelled Paat, Taat and waam;
- after long vowels (excluding /aː/), non-prevocalic /ʀ/ is vocalized to [ɐ̯], creating the centering diphthongs [ɛːɐ̯, iːɐ̯, oːɐ̯, uːɐ̯] and, in loanwords from Standard German, also [øːɐ̯, yːɐ̯];
- the unstressed, non-prevocalic orthographic sequence ⟨er⟩ corresponds to the marginal phoneme /ɐ/, although this can also be analysed as simple a sequence of /e/ and /ʀ/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 70–71頁)).
- Apart from being the main realisation of phonemes /b, d, dz, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, dʒ/, [b, d, dz, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, dʒ] occur as word-final allophones of both /p, t, ts, k, f, s, ʃ, tʃ/ and /b, d, dz, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, dʒ/ (in this position, some scholars may analyse both of the sets as /p, t, ts, k, f, s, ʃ, tʃ/) if the next word begins with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause. [ʁ, ʑ, bv] also occur as allophones of /χ, χ, pf/ in the same environment, but [bv] does not occur in other circumstances. In this context, the final voiceless obstruents are not only voiced but also resyllabified, or moved to the onset of the first syllable of the following word. Therefore, a somewhat more phonetically-accurate transcription of sech eens would be [zəˈʑeːns] (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 72頁)), but it is transcribed [zəʑ ˈeːns] instead so that it corresponds more closely to the spelling.
- Phonemic /dz/ occurs only in a few words (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:72頁))
- [w] is an allophone of /v/ occurring after /k, ʃ, ts/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:69頁)). It also occurs in loanwords as a marginal phoneme.
- Unlike in Standard German, [ə] appears in both stressed and unstressed syllables, and unstressed sequences of [ə] and a sonorant do not form syllabic sonorants (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70–71頁)).
- The short [œ] in loanwords from German and French is transcribed with ⟨ə⟩ in transcriptions of Luxembourgish as the latter is typically realized with lip rounding. The long counterpart of this sound is transcribed with ⟨œː⟩, which does not imply a difference in quality.
- In native words, [ɛː] appears only as an allophone /eː/ before /ʀ/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70頁)).
- The contrast between [iə uə] and [iːɐ̯ uːɐ̯] is unstable and the former set appears in some words that have ⟨r⟩ in spelling.
參考書目
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen. Luxembourgish (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2013, 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.