詹姆士主義(英語:Jacobitism),也譯作詹姆士派、詹姆士黨,指支持斯圖亞特王朝君主詹姆士二世及其後代奪回英國王位的一個政治、軍事團體,多為天主教教徒組成。
此條目沒有列出任何參考或來源。 (2015年6月14日) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg/320px-Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/320px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png)
起源
![Thumb](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jacobite_kings_in_St_Peters_Cathedral.jpg/640px-Jacobite_kings_in_St_Peters_Cathedral.jpg)
1688年,英格蘭發生光榮革命,詹姆士二世被推翻,其女兒瑪麗二世及其信奉新教的丈夫荷蘭執政奧蘭治的威廉被擁立為同朝國王。詹姆士二世逃亡法國後,即致力於爭取法國和西班牙支持其奪回英國王位。在愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭(尤其是高地地區),詹姆士黨擁有廣泛的支持,在英格蘭和威爾斯,也有少數人支持詹姆士黨,特別是在北部。許多詹姆士黨人認為英國國會廢黜詹姆士二世是不合法的,他們還希望詹姆士復辟後可以幫助他們擺脫宗教上的受歧視地位。蘇格蘭當地的許多貴族面臨著英格蘭的壓力,為維護傳統的氏族制度,他們團結在詹姆士黨的旗幟下,進行了可歌可泣的鬥爭。
詹姆士黨的徽章是約克家族的白玫瑰,紀念日是6月10日——詹姆士二世之子詹姆士·法蘭西斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特(老王位覬覦者)的生日。
家族
戰鬥
![Thumb](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/640px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg)
1689年3月12日,詹姆士二世在法國的支持下在效忠於他的愛爾蘭登陸。自從1688年底開始,愛爾蘭總督就已經開始率軍圍攻新教據點倫敦德里。愛爾蘭國會也宣布英格蘭國會對詹姆士二世的廢黜在愛爾蘭境內無效。
但是,不久威廉的援軍到達愛爾蘭,8月,倫敦德里解圍。不久之後,威廉的軍隊控制了大部分烏爾斯特地區。次年,威廉軍隊在博因河戰役中突襲詹姆士黨軍隊成功。雖然詹姆士黨的軍事力量並未受到大的傷害,驚慌失措的詹姆士二世還是立即撤往法國,將其軍隊留在愛爾蘭任其自生自滅。1691年10月,詹姆士黨軍隊被迫向威廉的軍隊投降,後得以全軍撤往法國,被法軍收編為其「愛爾蘭旅」。
在此後的一個世紀中,詹姆士黨仍然在愛爾蘭的政治生活中具有影響,但是再也沒能組織起軍事反抗活動。
衰落
1745年的行動失敗後,查爾斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特仍然設法逃回法國。但是,隨著英、法兩國開始和談,查爾斯在法國的存在便成了法國需要擺脫的包袱。查爾斯拒不服從法國要求其離境的命令,仍然在法國境內鼓吹對英國開戰。1748年,查爾斯被法國政府逮捕後強行遞解出境。
其後,查爾斯繼續籌劃在英格蘭進行秘密活動,為此,他轉而尋求普魯士的協助。當普魯士拒絕其要求後,英格蘭的詹姆士黨人開始動搖。查爾斯的計劃接連被英國政府破獲,這使他本人開始心灰意懶。1754年,查爾斯在一次醉酒後威脅要說出潛藏在英格蘭的詹姆士黨人以懲罰他們的「叛變」,此後,英格蘭的詹姆士黨人徹底放棄了對其事業的資助。
1766年,詹姆士·法蘭西斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特去世,教皇拒絕承認查爾斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特為正統的英國國王,於是詹姆士黨失去了最基本的支持。1788年,蘇格蘭天主教會最終承認漢諾威王朝國王為其君主,並為其祈禱。為了切斷詹姆士黨最後的軍事支持,英國政府頒布了一系列的法令,消滅了蘇格蘭高地的氏族制度。
1788年,查爾斯去世,其弟亨利·斯圖亞特被擁立為「英國國王亨利九世」,當亨利於1807年去世後,詹姆士黨將繼承權先後傳給薩伏依國王、哈布斯堡-洛林王朝和巴伐利亞大公(均為查理一世幼女亨里埃塔·安妮的後代),但是沒有人再堅持自己對英國王位的繼承權。
延伸閱讀
- Barlett, Thomas. The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century. History Ireland. 1993, 1 (1).
- Barnes, Robert P. James VII's Forfeiture of the Scottish Throne. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 1973, 5 (4). doi:10.2307/4048254.
- Chambers, Liam (author), Binasco, Matteo (ed). Rome and The Irish Mission at home in Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908. Palgrave Press. 2018. ISBN 978-3319959740.
- Charteris, Evan. A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland. David Douglas, Edinburgh. 1907.
- Colley, Linda. In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60
. Cambridge UP. 1985.
- Corp, Edward. The Stuarts in Italy, 1719-1766. Cambridge UP. 2011.
- Coward, Barry. The Stuart Age 1603–1714. Longman. 1980. ISBN 978-0582488335.
- Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander. The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?. Wesleyan University. 2008. OCLC 705142720.
- Doyle, Thomas. Jacobitism, Catholicism and the Irish Protestant Elite, 1700–1710. Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 1997, 12. JSTOR 30071383.
- Ferguson, William. Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707. The Saltire Society. 1994 [2019-12-21]. ISBN 978-0-85411-058-2. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-15).
- Graham, Brian (ed.). In Search of Ireland: A Cultural Geography. Taylor and Francis. 2002. ISBN 9781134749188.
- Hayes, Richard. Ireland and Jacobitism. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 1949, 38 (149).
- Hill, Christopher. The Century of Revolution, 1603-1714 2002. Psychology Press. 1937. ISBN 9780415267397.
- James, Francis Godwin. The Church of Ireland in the Early 18th Century. Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 1979, 48 (4) [2019-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-25).
- Hamilton, Henry. An economic history of Scotland in the Eighteenth century
. Clarendon Press. 1963.
- Harris, Tim. Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660–1715. Longman. 1993. ISBN 978-0582040823.
- Harris, Tim. Revolution; the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720. Penguin. 2007. ISBN 978-0141016528.
- Lenihan, Padraig. Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1138140639.
- Lenman, Bruce. The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746. Methuen Publishing. 1980. ISBN 978-0413396501.
- Lord, Evelyn. The Stuart Secret Army: The Hidden History of the English Jacobites. Pearson. 2004. ISBN 978-0582772564.
- Ruvigny and Raineval, Marquis de (Melville Henry Massue) (comp.). The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Grants of Honour. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1904.
- McCormick, Ted. Restoration Ireland, 1660–1688; in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History. OUP. 2014. ISBN 978-0198768210.
- McDonald, Alan. The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy. Routledge. 1998. ISBN 978-1859283738.
- McCann, Jean E. The Organisation of the Jacobite Army. PHD thesis Edinburgh University. 1963 [2019-12-21]. OCLC 646764870. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-16).
- McGrath, Charles Ivar. Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695. Irish Historical Studies. 1996, 30 (117). JSTOR 30008727.
- McLynn, Frank. Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745. The Eighteenth Century. 1982, 23 (2). JSTOR 41467263.
- Miller, John. James II; A study in kingship. Menthuen. 1978. ISBN 978-0413652904.
- Monod, Paul. Jacobitism and the English People, 1688-1788. Cambridge UP. 1993. ISBN 9780521447935.
- Moody; Martin; Byrne (eds.). A New History of Ireland: Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691. OUP. 2009. ISBN 9780198202424.
- Morley, Vincent. The Continuity of Disaffection in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 2007, 22.
- O'Ciardha, Eamonn. Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685-1766: A Fatal Attachment
. Four Courts Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1851825349.
- Parrish, David. Jacobitism and Anti-Jacobitism in the British Atlantic World, 1688–1727. Royal Historical Society. 2017. ISBN 978-0861933419.
- Parker, Geoffrey. Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe 2003. Penguin. 2002. ISBN 978-0140297898.
- Pittock, Murray. Jacobitism. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. ISBN 978-0333667989.
- Pittock, Murray. Inventing and Resisting Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. 1997.
- Pittock, Murray. The Myths of the Jacobite Clans. Edinburgh University Press. 1995.
- Plank, Geoffrey. Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0812238983.
- Mitchell, Albert. The Non-Jurors; 1688-1805. The Churchman. 1937, 51 (2).
- Overton, JH. The Nonjurors: Their Lives, Principles, and Writings 2018. Wentworth Press. 1902. ISBN 9780530237329.
- Riding, Jacqueline. Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. 2016. ISBN 978-1408819128.
- Rogers, Nicholas. Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain. Oxford UP. 1998.
- Shinsuke, Satsuma. Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century. Boydell Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1843838623.
- Smith, Hannah. Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–60. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0521828765.
- Somerset, Anne. Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. 2012. ISBN 978-0007203765.
- Stephen, Jeffrey. Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism. Journal of British Studies. January 2010, 49 (1, Scottish Special).
- Strong, Rowan. Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0199249220.
- Szechi, Daniel. The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 First. Manchester University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0719037740.
- Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret. Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745. Past & Present. November 2001, 173 (173): 90–128. JSTOR 3600841. doi:10.1093/past/173.1.90.
- Yates, Nigel. Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815. Routledge. 2014.
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.