葫蘆豬籠草

葫蘆豬籠草（學名：Nepenthes ventricosa）是菲律賓特有的熱帶食蟲植物。^[2]其生長於海拔1000米至2000米的山地森林中。^[3]其存在於呂宋島、班乃島和辛布亞島。^[4]

葫蘆豬籠草
產自呂宋島馬榮火山自然公園的葫蘆豬籠草
保護狀況
近危（IUCN 2.3）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae
屬：	豬籠草屬 Nepenthes
種：	葫蘆豬籠草 N. ventricosa
二名法
Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco (1837)[1]

其捕蟲籠眾多，可高達20公分，為白色至紅色。^[4]在野外，其捕蟲籠存在硬質平口和軟質斜口兩種類型。硬質平口的捕蟲籠更持久，而具軟質斜口捕蟲籠的植株更耐熱。^[2]

葫蘆豬籠草與伯克猪笼草（N. burkei ）和辛布亞島豬籠草（N. sibuyanensis ）之間存在著密切的近緣關係。^[3]

種下類群

• Nepenthes ventricosa f. luteoviridis Y.Fukatsu (1999) nom.nud.

自然雜交種

• N. alata × N. ventricosa^[3][=N. × ventrata]^[5]

栽培方法

葫蘆豬籠草屬於較容易栽培的中高地至高地豬籠草，這種豬籠草以其成年植株極為優越的耐寒和耐低空氣濕度性能而被視作是最為耐寒的豬籠草原種，也因此常被用來育種以增強雜交產生的豬籠草品種的耐乾冷環境能力，就連許多比它更耐寒的園藝雜交種都是由這種豬籠草雜交出來的。但是這種豬籠草的幼苗並沒有成年植株那麼卓越的耐寒能力，同時也略微有點害怕炎熱環境，夏季最好遮陰。

參考文獻

1. （西班牙文） Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
2. 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 70–71. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
3. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
4. McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
5. Fleming, R. 1979. Hybrid Nepenthes.PDF (626 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12.

• Alejandro, G.J.D., J.P.C. Baysa, B.O.C. Lemana, G.M. Madulara, R.S. Madulid & D.A. Madulid 2007. Conspecificity of Nepenthes alata Blco. population found in Mt. Guisguis, Zambales inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data. Acta Manilana 55: 15–21. doi:10.3860/acta.v55i0.1482
• Alejandro, G.J.D., R.S. Madulid & D.A. Madulid 2008. The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic Philippine Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae). The Philippine Scientist 45: 99–110. doi:10.3860/psci.v45i0.994
• Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
• Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
• Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
• （西班牙文） Blanco, F.M. 1845. Nepenthes. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） In: Flora de Filipinas, segun el sistema sexual de Linneo. Segunda impresion, corregida y aumentada por el mismo autor. D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. pp. 555–557.
• （拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
• Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
• Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287
• Clarke et al. Nepenthes ventricosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [11 May 2006]. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
• Duffield, R.M. & P. Sheridan 2007. Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), larvae in pitchers of Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco (Nepenthaceae) in Virginia （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109(2): 489–492.
• （法文） Jarry-Desloges, R. 1903. Variétés nouvelles ou rares de Nepenthes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Le Jardin 17: 72.
• Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
• Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. Plant Biology 15(3): 611–615. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x
• Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
• （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
• （德文） McPherson, S. & T. Gronemeyer 2008. Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen Eine Fotodokumentation. Das Taublatt 60(1): 34–78.
• Meimberg, H., P. Dittrich, G. Bringmann, J. Schlauer & G. Heubl 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa. Plant Biology 2(2): 218–228. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460
• Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
• （德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
• Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
• Merrill, E.D. 1905. Nepenthaceæ. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） In: A review of the identifications of the species described in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Bureau of Public Printing, Manila. p. 72.
• Merrill, E.D. 1918. Nepenthaceae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. In: Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. p. 160.
• Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998. Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23.
• Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
• Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173
• Shin, K.-S., S. Lee & B.J. Cha 2007. Suppression of phytopathogenic fungi by hexane extract of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf. Fitoterapia 78(7–8): 585–586. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.020
• Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes ventricosa. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. p. 85.
• Stephenson, P.& J. Hogan 2006. Cloning and characterization of a ribonuclease, a cysteine proteinase, and an aspartic proteinase from pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167(2): 239–248. doi:10.1086/499284
• Thornhill, A.H., I.S. Harper & N.D. Hallam 2008. The development of the digestive glands and enzymes in the pitchers of three Nepenthes species: N. alata, N. tobaica, and N. ventricosa (Nepenthaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 169(5): 615–624. doi:10.1086/533599

擴展閱讀

• 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中葫蘆豬籠草的照片 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：葫蘆豬籠草 維基物種上的相關資訊：葫蘆豬籠草