現代考古學在19世紀中期起源於歐洲,它是在地質學的科學研究進步之後發展出來。地質學呈現,地球的年齡是數十億年,而不是當時普遍認定的幾千年。在此後不久,1859年查爾斯·達爾文出版《物種起源》一書,概述了他的演化論,最終導致科學家相信,人類事實上有數百萬年的歷史,從而提供一個時間限度,可在其中蓬勃發展考古研究。同時,在1836年丹麥歷史學家克里斯蒂安·於恩森·湯姆森出版《斯堪第那維亞古物指南》(A Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed),於1848年翻譯成英文,其中他提議將歐洲史前史區分為三年代系統,即石器時代、青銅時代和鐵器時代,這是依據人類使用的材料。這三個概念,包括人類古物、演化與三年代系統,往往被認為是現代考古學的基石。[10]
一場考古學調查往往包含幾個清楚劃分的階段,每個階段運用特有的研究方法。在任何的實際考古工作可以進行之前,考古學家必須先就所欲達成的清楚目標取得共識。做到這一點之後,進行對一處遺址的考古學田野調查(英語:Archaeological field survey),盡可能發現關於這個遺址及其周圍區域的資訊。其次,展開發掘工作,以蒐集埋藏在地下的任何考古特質;第三,研究從這場發掘中所蒐集的資料,並評估是否達成考古學家原先設定的研究目標。然後將這些資訊出版,以便由其他考古學家與歷史學家取得使用,學者認定這是一個好作為,即使有時被忽略。[32]
歷史考古學研究已有某種文字的文化。例如,在英國,考古學家發掘了一些中世紀村落遺址,它們在14世紀的危機之後就遭到棄置,並發現17世紀的花壇園圃的佈局,後來由於流行風格的改變,人們不再使用這種佈局。在美國紐約市城區,考古學家發掘了18世紀非洲裔的墓園,現在成為非洲人墓地國家紀念碑(英語:African Burial Ground National Monument)。
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