窄帶隙半導體

窄帶隙半導體是指帶隙小於0.5 eV，或紅外吸收截止波長超過2.5微米的半導體材料。更廣義的定義包括帶隙小於矽（1.1 eV）的所有半導體。^[1] ^[2] 現代太赫茲^[3]、紅外^[4] 和熱成像^[5] 技術均基於此類半導體。

窄帶隙材料應用於紅外探測器和紅外領域，以實現衛星遙感^[6]、遠程通訊的光子集成電路^[7] ^[8] ^[9] 和無人駕駛車輛的Li-Fi系統^[10] ^[11] ^[12] ^[13]。這種半導體材料也是太赫技術的材料基礎，其應用包括探測隱藏武器的安全監視系統^[14] ^[15] ^[16]、太赫茲斷層掃描的安全醫療和工業成像系統 ^[17] ^[18] ^[19]，以及介電尾場加速器^[20] ^[21] ^[22]。此外，嵌入窄帶隙半導體的熱光伏（英語：Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion）發電可講傳統太陽能發電系統中浪費的部分能量轉化為可用電能，該部分能量占據了太陽光譜的49%左右^[23] ^[24]。航天和深海應用，以及真空物理裝置中，常使用窄帶隙半導體來實現超低溫冷卻。^[25] ^[26]

在尖端研發中，窄帶隙半導體被製成納米材料，其強烈的電子空穴耦合會與增加的量子限制效應相互作用^[27]，這給描述和設計帶來了特殊的挑戰。麻省理工學院的蘭克斯提出的「蘭克斯模型」擴展了k·p 方法來解決電子能帶邊緣的非拋物線性問題，但又缺乏精確性^[28]。使用超級計算機利用密度泛函理論進行第一性原理計算，雖然可以得到更精確的能帶曲率，但其對算力和算時的要求都太大。唐爽和崔瑟豪斯夫人提出的「唐-崔瑟豪斯理論」^[29] ^[30] 引入了一種低維多帶迭代法，以漸進式方法解決了這個問題，並得到了通用汽車的數據支持。^[31] ^[32]

Thumb — 2012年4月12日，麻省理工學院官網以封面新聞報道唐爽和崔瑟豪斯提出的「唐-德雷塞爾豪斯理論」，該理論提出了低維多帶迭代法。

More information 材料, 化學式 ...

材料	化學式	族	能隙 (300 K)
碲化汞鎘（英語：Mercury cadmium telluride）	Hg_1−xCd_xTe	II-VI	0 to 1.5 eV
碲化汞鋅（英語：Mercury zinc telluride）	Hg_1−xZn_xTe	II-VI	0.15 to 2.25 eV
硒化鉛	PbSe	IV-VI	0.27 eV
硫化鉛	PbS	IV-VI	0.37 eV
碲化鉛	PbTe	IV-VI	0.32 eV
砷化銦	InAs	III-V	0.354 eV
銻化銦	InSb	III-V	0.17 eV
銻化鎵	GaSb	III-V	0.67 eV
砷化鎘	Cd₃As₂	II-V	0.5 to 0.6 eV
碲化鉍	Bi₂Te₃		0.21 eV
碲化亞錫	SnTe	IV-VI	0.18 eV
硒化亞錫	SnSe	IV-VI	0.9 eV
硒化銀	Ag₂Se		0.07 eV
矽化鎂	Mg₂Si	II-IV	0.79 eV^[33]

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[1]
Li, Xiao-Hui. Narrwo-Bandgap Materials for Optoelectronics Applications. Frontiers of Physics. 2022, 17: 13304 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1007/s11467-021-1055-z. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[2]
Chu, Junhao; Sher, Arden. Physics and Properties of Narrow Gap Semiconductors. Springer. [2023-08-04]. ISBN 9780387747439. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[3]
Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook. Taylor and Francis. 2007: 7 [2023-08-04]. ISBN 978-1-136-03410-7. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[4]
Avraham, M.; Nemirovsky, J.; Blank, T.; Golan, G.; Nemirovsky, Y. Toward an Accurate IR Remote Sensing of Body Temperature Radiometer Based on a Novel IR Sensing System Dubbed Digital TMOS. Micromachines. 2022, 13 (5). doi:10.3390/mi13050703 .
[5]
Hapke B. Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy. Cambridge University Press. 19 January 2012: 416. ISBN 978-0-521-88349-8.
[6]
Lovett, D. R. Semimetals and narrow-bandgap semiconductors; Pion Limited: London, 1977; Chapter 7.
[7]
Inside Telecom Staff. How Can Photonic Chips Help to Create a Sustainable Digital Infrastructure?. Inside Telecom. 30 July 2022 [20 September 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-11）.
[8]
Awad, Ehab. Bidirectional Mode Slicing and Re-Combining for Mode Conversion in Planar Waveguides. IEEE Access. October 2018, 6 (1): 55937. S2CID 53043619. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2873278 .
[9]
Vergyris, Panagiotis. Integrated photonics for quantum applications. Laser Focus World. 16 June 2022 [20 September 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-28）.
[10]
Comprehensive Summary of Modulation Techniques for LiFi | LiFi Research. www.lifi.eng.ed.ac.uk. [2018-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-13）.
[11]
The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA / JPL / Caltech. [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於13 June 2010）.
[12]
Szondy, David. Spitzer goes "Beyond" for final mission. New Atlas. 28 August 2016 [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[13]
Szondy, David. Spitzer goes "Beyond" for final mission. New Atlas. 28 August 2016 [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[14]
"Space in Images – 2002 – 06 – Meeting the team" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
[15]
Space camera blazes new terahertz trails （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 14 February 2003.
[16]
Winner of the 2003/04 Research Councils' Business Plan Competition – 24 February 2004. epsrc.ac.uk. 27 February 2004
[17]
Guillet, J. P.; Recur, B.; Frederique, L.; Bousquet, B.; Canioni, L.; Manek-Hönninger, I.; Desbarats, P.; Mounaix, P. Review of Terahertz Tomography Techniques. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2014, 35 (4): 382–411. Bibcode:2014JIMTW..35..382G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.480.4173 . S2CID 120535020. doi:10.1007/s10762-014-0057-0.
[18]
Daniel M. Mittleman, Stefan Hunsche, Luc Boivin, & Martin C. Nuss. (2001). T-ray tomography. Optics Letters, 22(12)
[19]
Katayama, I., Akai, R., Bito, M., Shimosato, H., Miyamoto, K., Ito, H., & Ashida, M. (2010). Ultrabroadband terahertz generation using 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate single crystals. Applied Physics Letters, 97(2), 021105. doi: 10.1063/1.3463452
[20]
Dolgashev, Valery; Tantawi, Sami; Higashi, Yasuo; Spataro, Bruno. Geometric dependence of radio-frequency breakdown in normal conducting accelerating structures. Applied Physics Letters. 2010-10-25, 97 (17): 171501. doi:10.1063/1.3505339.
[21]
Nanni, Emilio A.; Huang, Wenqian R.; Hong, Kyung-Han; Ravi, Koustuban; Fallahi, Arya; Moriena, Gustavo; Dwayne Miller, R. J.; Kärtner, Franz X. Terahertz-driven linear electron acceleration. Nature Communications. 2015-10-06, 6 (1): 8486. doi:10.1038/ncomms9486.
[22]
Jing, Chunguang. Dielectric Wakefield Accelerators. Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology. 2016, 09 (6): 127–149. doi:10.1142/s1793626816300061.
[23]
Poortmans, Jef. IMEC website: Photovoltaic Stacks. [2008-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）.
[24]
A new heat engine with no moving parts is as efficient as a steam turbine. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 13 April 2022 [2022-04-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-07）（英語）.
[25]
Radebaugh, Ray. Cryocoolers: the state of the art and recent developments. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2009-03-31, 21 (16): 164219. Bibcode:2009JPCM...21p4219R. ISSN 0953-8984. PMID 21825399. S2CID 22695540. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/21/16/164219 （英語）.
[26]
Cooper, Bernard E; Hadfield, Robert H. Viewpoint: Compact cryogenics for superconducting photon detectors. Superconductor Science and Technology. 2022-06-28, 35 (8): 080501. Bibcode:2022SuScT..35h0501C. ISSN 0953-2048. S2CID 249534834. doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ac76e9 （英語）.
[27]
Non-Parabolic Model for the Solution of 2-D Quantum Transverse States Applied to Narrow Conduction Channel Simulation. Springer. 2006 [2023-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[28]
Zawadzki, Wlodzimierz; Lax, Benjamin. Two-Band Model for Bloch Electrons in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields. Physical Review Letters. 1966, 16: 1001 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.1001. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[29]
Tang, Shuang; Mildred, Dresselhaus. Phase diagrams of BiSb thin films with different growth orientations. Physical Review B. 2012, 86 (7): 075436 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.075436. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-19）.
[30]
Tang, Shuang; Mildred, Dresselhaus. Electronic phases, band gaps, and band overlaps of bismuth antimony nanowires. Physical Review B. 2014, 89 (4): 045424 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.045424. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-19）.
[31]
Heremans, Joseph. Electronic Properties of Nano-Structured Bismuth-Antimony Materials. Physical Review Letters. 2002, 88: 216801 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.216801. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[32]
Joesph Heremans. Thermoelectrics Born Again. 2018-04-09 [2023-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.
[33]
Nelson, James T. Chicago Section: 1. Electrical and optical properties of MgPSn and Mg₂Si. American Journal of Physics (American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)). 1955, 23 (6): 390–390. ISSN 0002-9505. doi:10.1119/1.1934018.

多恩豪斯，R.，尼姆茨，G.，施利希特，B.（1983）。窄帶隙半導體。施普林格現代物理學小冊子98 ,ISBN 978-3-540-12091-9 （列印）ISBN 978-3-540-39531-7 （在線）

[1] [1]
Li, Xiao-Hui. Narrwo-Bandgap Materials for Optoelectronics Applications. Frontiers of Physics. 2022, 17: 13304 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1007/s11467-021-1055-z. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[2] [2]
Chu, Junhao; Sher, Arden. Physics and Properties of Narrow Gap Semiconductors. Springer. [2023-08-04]. ISBN 9780387747439. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[3] [3]
Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook. Taylor and Francis. 2007: 7 [2023-08-04]. ISBN 978-1-136-03410-7. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[4] [4]
Avraham, M.; Nemirovsky, J.; Blank, T.; Golan, G.; Nemirovsky, Y. Toward an Accurate IR Remote Sensing of Body Temperature Radiometer Based on a Novel IR Sensing System Dubbed Digital TMOS. Micromachines. 2022, 13 (5). doi:10.3390/mi13050703 .

[5] [5]
Hapke B. Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy. Cambridge University Press. 19 January 2012: 416. ISBN 978-0-521-88349-8.

[6] [6]
Lovett, D. R. Semimetals and narrow-bandgap semiconductors; Pion Limited: London, 1977; Chapter 7.

[7] [7]
Inside Telecom Staff. How Can Photonic Chips Help to Create a Sustainable Digital Infrastructure?. Inside Telecom. 30 July 2022 [20 September 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-11）.

[8] [8]
Awad, Ehab. Bidirectional Mode Slicing and Re-Combining for Mode Conversion in Planar Waveguides. IEEE Access. October 2018, 6 (1): 55937. S2CID 53043619. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2873278 .

[9] [9]
Vergyris, Panagiotis. Integrated photonics for quantum applications. Laser Focus World. 16 June 2022 [20 September 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-28）.

[10] [10]
Comprehensive Summary of Modulation Techniques for LiFi | LiFi Research. www.lifi.eng.ed.ac.uk. [2018-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-13）.

[11] [11]
The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA / JPL / Caltech. [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於13 June 2010）.

[12] [12]
Szondy, David. Spitzer goes "Beyond" for final mission. New Atlas. 28 August 2016 [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[13] [13]
Szondy, David. Spitzer goes "Beyond" for final mission. New Atlas. 28 August 2016 [13 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[14] [14]
"Space in Images – 2002 – 06 – Meeting the team" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

[15] [15]
Space camera blazes new terahertz trails （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 14 February 2003.

[16] [16]
Winner of the 2003/04 Research Councils' Business Plan Competition – 24 February 2004. epsrc.ac.uk. 27 February 2004

[17] [17]
Guillet, J. P.; Recur, B.; Frederique, L.; Bousquet, B.; Canioni, L.; Manek-Hönninger, I.; Desbarats, P.; Mounaix, P. Review of Terahertz Tomography Techniques. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2014, 35 (4): 382–411. Bibcode:2014JIMTW..35..382G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.480.4173 . S2CID 120535020. doi:10.1007/s10762-014-0057-0.

[18] [18]
Daniel M. Mittleman, Stefan Hunsche, Luc Boivin, & Martin C. Nuss. (2001). T-ray tomography. Optics Letters, 22(12)

[19] [19]
Katayama, I., Akai, R., Bito, M., Shimosato, H., Miyamoto, K., Ito, H., & Ashida, M. (2010). Ultrabroadband terahertz generation using 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate single crystals. Applied Physics Letters, 97(2), 021105. doi: 10.1063/1.3463452

[20] [20]
Dolgashev, Valery; Tantawi, Sami; Higashi, Yasuo; Spataro, Bruno. Geometric dependence of radio-frequency breakdown in normal conducting accelerating structures. Applied Physics Letters. 2010-10-25, 97 (17): 171501. doi:10.1063/1.3505339.

[21] [21]
Nanni, Emilio A.; Huang, Wenqian R.; Hong, Kyung-Han; Ravi, Koustuban; Fallahi, Arya; Moriena, Gustavo; Dwayne Miller, R. J.; Kärtner, Franz X. Terahertz-driven linear electron acceleration. Nature Communications. 2015-10-06, 6 (1): 8486. doi:10.1038/ncomms9486.

[22] [22]
Jing, Chunguang. Dielectric Wakefield Accelerators. Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology. 2016, 09 (6): 127–149. doi:10.1142/s1793626816300061.

[23] [23]
Poortmans, Jef. IMEC website: Photovoltaic Stacks. [2008-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）.

[24] [24]
A new heat engine with no moving parts is as efficient as a steam turbine. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 13 April 2022 [2022-04-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-07）（英語）.

[25] [25]
Radebaugh, Ray. Cryocoolers: the state of the art and recent developments. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2009-03-31, 21 (16): 164219. Bibcode:2009JPCM...21p4219R. ISSN 0953-8984. PMID 21825399. S2CID 22695540. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/21/16/164219 （英語）.

[26] [26]
Cooper, Bernard E; Hadfield, Robert H. Viewpoint: Compact cryogenics for superconducting photon detectors. Superconductor Science and Technology. 2022-06-28, 35 (8): 080501. Bibcode:2022SuScT..35h0501C. ISSN 0953-2048. S2CID 249534834. doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ac76e9 （英語）.

[27] [27]
Non-Parabolic Model for the Solution of 2-D Quantum Transverse States Applied to Narrow Conduction Channel Simulation. Springer. 2006 [2023-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[28] [28]
Zawadzki, Wlodzimierz; Lax, Benjamin. Two-Band Model for Bloch Electrons in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields. Physical Review Letters. 1966, 16: 1001 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.1001. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[29] [29]
Tang, Shuang; Mildred, Dresselhaus. Phase diagrams of BiSb thin films with different growth orientations. Physical Review B. 2012, 86 (7): 075436 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.075436. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-19）.

[30] [30]
Tang, Shuang; Mildred, Dresselhaus. Electronic phases, band gaps, and band overlaps of bismuth antimony nanowires. Physical Review B. 2014, 89 (4): 045424 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.045424. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-19）.

[31] [31]
Heremans, Joseph. Electronic Properties of Nano-Structured Bismuth-Antimony Materials. Physical Review Letters. 2002, 88: 216801 [2023-08-04]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.216801. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[32] [32]
Joesph Heremans. Thermoelectrics Born Again. 2018-04-09 [2023-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-04）.

[33] [33]
Nelson, James T. Chicago Section: 1. Electrical and optical properties of MgPSn and Mg₂Si. American Journal of Physics (American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)). 1955, 23 (6): 390–390. ISSN 0002-9505. doi:10.1119/1.1934018.

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