物種歧視

物種歧視論（Speciesism），最早出現於英國心理學家理察‧萊德（英語：Richard D. Ryder）1975年的作品《科學的受害者》，是指人類對非人類存有的一種偏見，主張人類的利益凌駕於一切同樣生活在地球上的其他物種的利益之上。這是一種從倫理、道德層面到具體行為方式上對其他物種的深入侵害。物種歧視指的是針對某一個群體僅僅因物種歸屬不同而產生的一系列價值、權利差別判斷和特殊對待的現象。這個詞彙主要使用於動物權利保護者的觀點中。他們認為物種歧視與性別歧視和種族歧視和同性戀恐懼等等有相似，其核心都是根據個體的群體歸屬和與道德無關的生理因素決定對其個體的待遇的。這個論點主張物種歸屬沒有道德價值。^[1]

物種歧視這個詞在用法上多種多樣^[2]，在一般情況下是指「人類物種歧視主義」 （人類中心主義），即把非人類的動物排除於人類的道德範圍以外，視之為可隨意處置的對象。^[3]它也可以更廣泛地指一種僅通過物種差別而決定個體價值的思想：例如人類會因為某些物種長得不夠可愛而認定牠們為可隨意處置甚至虐殺對象，而某些物種卻因為可愛的外表──如貓和狗──而受到法律上的特殊保護。而由這個思想引申出的「人類-大猩猩物種歧視主義」則是指：人類因為跟大猩猩的相似性而更傾向於保護大猩猩的權利（相較於保護貓狗的權利）。^[4]

參見

• 動物審判
• 人類中心主義
• 反自然主義 (政治)（英語：Antinaturalism (politics)）
• 生物中心主義
• 深層生態學
• 知覺中心主義（英語：Sentiocentrism）
• 純素主義

筆記

1. Ryder, Richard D. (2009) [1998]. "Speciesism," in Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Greenwood.
2. That it is used inconsistently, see Zamir (2009), p. 3
3. Cavalieri, Paola (2001). The Animal Question : Why Nonhuman Animals Deserve Human Rights, Oxford University Press.| name="Cavalieri2001p70"
4. Waldau (2001), pp. 5, 23–29

參考資料

1. Barlian, Y. Michael (2004). "Speciesism as a precondition to justice" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Politics and the Life Sciences, 23(1), March, pp. 22–33.
2. Blackburn, Simon (1994). "Speciesism," Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford University Press.
3. Cavalieri, Paola (2001). The Animal Question : Why Nonhuman Animals Deserve Human Rights, Oxford University Press.
4. Cohen, Carl (1986). "The case for the use of animals in biomedical research" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, The New England Journal of Medicine, 315(14), pp. 865–869.
5. Cohen, Carl and Regan, Tom (2001). The Animal Rights Debate, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
6. Diamond, Cora (2004). "Eating Meat and Eating People," in Cass Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum (eds.), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford University Press.
7. Dawkins, Richard (1993). "Gaps in the mind" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, in Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer (eds.), The Great Ape Project, St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 81–87.
8. Dawkins, Richard (1996) [1986]. The Blind Watchmaker, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
9. Dawkins, Richard (2007). "Richard Dawkins – Science and the New Atheism" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 7 December.
10. Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2003). Ideas that changed the world, Dorling Kindersley.
11. Frey, R. G. (1983). Rights, Killing and Suffering, Blackwell.
12. Graft, D. (1997). "Against strong speciesism," Journal of Applied Philosophy, 14(2).
13. Gray, J. A. (1990). "In defense of speciesism," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13(1).
14. Holden, Andrew (2003). "In Need of New Environmental Ethics for Tourism?", Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), pp. 94–108.
15. Karcher, Karin (2009) [1998]. "Great Ape Project," in Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, Greenwood.
16. Lafollette, Hugh and Shanks, Niall (1996). "The Origin of Speciesism" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Philosophy, 71(275), January, pp. 41–61 (courtesy link （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）).
17. Noddings, Nel (1991). "Comment on Donovan's 'Animal Rights and Feminist Theory'", Signs, 16(2), Winter, pp. 418–422.
18. Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, Dutton.
19. Ryder, Richard D. (1971). "Experiments on Animals," in Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris (eds.), Animals, Men and Morals, Victor Gollanz, pp. 41–82.
20. Ryder, Richard D. (2000) [1989]. Animal Revolution, Berg.
21. Ryder, Richard D. (2009) [1998]. "Speciesism," in Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Greenwood.
22. Ryder, Richard D. (2010). "Speciesism Again: The Original Leaflet", Critical Society, Spring, 2.
23. Rorty, Richard (1998) [1993]. "Human rights, rationality and sentimentality," in Truth and Progress, Cambridge University Press.
24. Scully, Matthew (2003). Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy, St. Martin's Griffin.
25. Singer, Peter (1990) [1975]. Animal Liberation, New York Review/Random House.
26. Staudenmaier, Peter (2003). "Ambiguities of Animal Rights", Communalism: International Journal for a Rational Society, March, 5.
27. Sztybel, David (2006). "Can the Treatment of Animals Be Compared to the Holocaust?", Ethics & the Environment, 11(1), Spring, pp. 97–132.
28. Tuohey, John (1992). "Fifteen years after Animal Liberation: Has the animal rights movement achieved philosophical legitimacy?" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Journal of Medical Humanities, 13(2), June, pp. 79–89.
29. Vardy, P. and Grosch, P. (1999). The Puzzle of Ethics, Harper Collins.
30. Waldau, Paul (2001). The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals, Oxford University Press.
31. Wise, Steven M. (2004). "Animal Rights, One Step at a Time," in Cass Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum eds.), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford University Press.
32. Zamir, Tzachi (2009). Ethics and the Beast: A Speciesist Argument for Animal Liberation. Princeton University Press.

擴展閱讀

1. BBC (2006). "The ethics of speciesism".
2. Dunayer, Joan (2004). Speciesism, Ryce Publishing.
3. Geoghegan, Tom (2007). "Should apes have human rights?" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC News Magazine, 29 March.
4. Nibert, David (2003). "Humans and other animals: sociology's moral and intellectual challenge" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(3), pp. 4–25.
5. Ryder, Richard D. (1975). Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research, Davis-Poynter.
6. Horta, Oscar (2010). "What Is Speciesism", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp. 243–266.
7. Kaufman, Frederik (1998). "Speciesism and the Argument from Misfortune" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Journal of Applied Philosophy, 15(2), pp. 155–163.
8. Perry, Constance K. (2001). "A Compassionate Autonomy Alternative to Speciesism," Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 22(3), June 2001.
9. Discussion between Peter Singer and Richard Dawkins （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
10. Anti-speciesism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
11. Les Cahiers Antispécistes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (in French)
12. Liberazioni (in Italian)