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海筆 (棘皮動物)
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海筆(Cinctans)是一類已滅絕的棘皮動物,化石只發現於中寒武紀[2][3],分佈於歐洲及北非摩洛哥。[4]海筆的分類地位尚有爭議,一般認為屬於棘皮動物幹群。[2][3]其身體缺乏對稱性,外觀類似球拍,可分為兩部分,分別為由不規則骨板構成的勺狀萼(theca),以及後方延伸出的莖尾(stele)。[5]無柄和腕,口與肛門位於萼的同一側。它們的生活方式可能類似現代的被囊動物,以鰓口濾食海水中的浮游生物和有機物顆粒為生。[2]
參考文獻
- Lefebvre, Bertrand; Derstler, Kraig; Sumrall, Colin D. A reinterpretation of the solutan Plasiacystis mobilis (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Bohemia. Zoosymposia. 2012, 7: 287–306. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.7.1.27.
- Rahman, Imran A.; Zamora, Samuel. The oldest cinctan carpoid (stem-group Echinodermata), and the evolution of the water vascular system. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009, 157 (2): 420–432. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00517.x
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- Rahman, Imran A.; Zamora, Samuel; Falkingham, Peter L.; Phillips, Jeremy C. Cambrian cinctan echinoderms shed light on feeding in the ancestral deuterostome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2015, 282 (1818). PMC 4650160
. PMID 26511049. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1964
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- Zamora, Samuel; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Javier Álvaro, J.; Clausen, Sébastien; Elicki, Olaf; Fatka, Oldrich; Jell, Peter; Kouchinsky, Artem; Lin, Jih-Pai; Nardin, Elise; Parsley, Ronald; Rozhnov, Sergei; Sprinkle, James; Sumrall, Colin D.; Vizcaïno, Daniel; Smith, Andrew B. Cambrian echinoderm diversity and palaeobiogeography. Geological Society, London, Memoirs. 2013, 38 (1): 157–171. S2CID 130481550. doi:10.1144/M38.13.
- Jefferies, R. P. S. The solute Dendrocystites scoticus from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and the ancestry of chordates and echinoderms. Palaeontology. 1990, 33 (3): 631–679.
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