塞爾蘇斯圖書館

塞爾蘇斯圖書館
塞爾蘇斯圖書館
Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου
	塞爾蘇斯圖書館的正立面
類型	國家圖書館
屬於	古希臘、古羅馬
位置	以弗所
文化	古希臘、古羅馬
現狀	部分修復
發掘日期	1903-1904年
公眾參觀	遺蹟
考古學家	沃爾克·邁克爾·斯特羅卡（Volker Michael Strocka）
	塞爾蘇斯圖書館在土耳其的位置

塞爾蘇斯圖書館（希臘語：Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου）是一座位於今土耳其西部伊茲密爾省塞爾丘克附近，即安納托利亞以弗所的古羅馬建築。這座建築物於公元110年代由羅馬共和國的執政官提比留斯·尤利烏斯·阿奎拉·波萊米安努斯（Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus）委託建造，作為他父親提比留斯·尤利烏斯·塞爾蘇斯·波萊米安努斯（英語：Tiberius_Julius_Celsus_Polemaeanus）的紀念碑，後者曾是亞細亞的前資深執政官^[1]^[2]。這座圖書館在羅馬皇帝哈德良統治時期完成，大約是在阿奎拉去世後的某時期落成。^[3]^[4]

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塞爾蘇斯圖書館被認為是一個建築奇蹟，是羅馬帝國內僅存的希臘-羅馬世界古代圖書館建築的代表性案例。是僅次於亞歷山大圖書館和別加摩斯圖書館（英語：Library_of_Pergamum）的第三大圖書館，據信曾收藏大約12,000卷書籍。^[5]其中塞爾蘇斯則被埋葬在圖書館下方一個裝飾著大理石石棺的墓穴。^[6]^[7]內部面積約為180平方公尺（2,000平方英尺）。^[8]

圖書館內部在公元262年的一次火災中被摧毀，該火災可能是由地震或哥特戰爭（英語：Gothic_Wars）引起的。^[9]^[7] 外立面則於10或11世紀的地震中倒塌。^[10]數個世紀以來，它一直是一片廢墟，直到1970年至1978年期間，考古學家透過原物歸位重新建立了立面。^[11]

歷史

塞爾蘇斯圖書館是現存為數不多的古羅馬圖書館之一，證明公共圖書館不但興建於羅馬城，而且可見於全羅馬帝國，其建築風格古羅馬公共建築的黃金典範。其前立面已被重建，這個大規模的修復工程方法相對忠於原來結構。塞爾蘇斯圖書館可能是帝國其他地方未能保存下來圖書館的樣本，因為其他羅馬城市也有可能收藏文獻，以使學生以及旅行的羅馬人受益。這種圖書館可能也收藏當地文獻，如果它們沒有在羅馬征服期間被毀。聖奧爾本斯和切姆斯福德就擁有這種羅馬圖書館。

該大廈是一個大廳，根據維特魯威的建議，面向東方，以充分利用早晨的光線。該圖書館建在一個平台上，前方有9級與整個建築同寬的台階，通向三個入口。中央的入口大於側翼的兩個入口，每個入口上方都以窗戶進行裝飾。入口兩側是四對立在基座上的愛奧尼柱。一列科林斯柱直接立在第一列柱子上方，增加了建築物的高度。第二層的柱子劃分出窗戶，如同第一層的柱子劃分出門，也設有壁龕以安放雕像。據認為有可能存在第三列柱子，但今天只有兩列柱子。

該建築的其他側面在建築上無關重要，因為圖書館的兩側都是建築物。

建築的內部沒有完全恢復，是一個長方形的房間，寬17米，長11米，在半圓形後殿里有一尊塞爾蘇斯或智慧女神雅典娜的雕像^[12]，一個拱形室的正下方為塞爾蘇斯的墓。其他三面是長方形的凹槽，設有書櫃和書架，存放12,000卷書。據說塞爾蘇斯留下了25000迪納厄斯的遺產以支付圖書館的閱讀材料。

到達第二層和第三層的一組樓梯修入了牆體，為建築增加了支撐，也有類似的壁龕存放書籍。天花板是平坦的，有可能中心是一個方形天窗，以提供更多的光線。

該圖書館的風格，連同華麗，平衡，計劃周密的立面，反映了古希臘對羅馬建築的影響。建築材料包括磚，混凝土，意味2世紀左右新材料在羅馬帝國得到使用。

該建築的立面描繪在2001-2005年2000萬土耳其里拉紙幣^[13]和2005-2009年20新里拉紙幣的反面^[14]。

注釋

[1]
Swain, Simon. Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 9780199255214. Nevertheless, in 92 the same office went to a Greek, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who belonged to a family of priests of Rome hailing from Sardis; entering the Senate under Vespasian, he was subsequently to be appointed proconsul of Asia under Trajan, possibly in 105/6. Celsus' son, Aquila, was also to be made suffectus in 110, although he is certainly remembered more as the builder of the famous library his father envisioned for Ephesus.
[2]
Nicols, John. Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28-31. Steiner. 1978: 109. ISBN 9783515023931. Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (PIR2 J 260) was a Romanized Greek of Ephesus or Sardis who became the first eastern consul.
[3]
Smith, Roland R. R. Cultural Choice and Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D.. The Journal of Roman Studies (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Roman Society). 1998, 88: 56–93. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300805. S2CID 154880233. doi:10.2307/300805.
[4]
Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001: 115.
[5]
Planet, Lonely. Library of Celsus - Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-10）.
[6]
Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov. From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times. University of Michigan Press. 1975: 65. ISBN 9780472084203. ...statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father
[7]
Celsus Library, Ephesos. World History Encyclopedia. [2016-10-02].
[8]
Library of Celsus. World History Encyclopedia. 22 July 2018 [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-03）.
[9]
Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell GReddish, A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 194.
[10]
Clive Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City, 劍橋: 劍橋大學出版社, 1979, p. 134.
[11]
Hartwig Schmidt, 'Reconstruction of Ancient Buildings', in Marta de la Torre (ed.), The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (Conference, 6–12 May 1995, Getty Conservation Institute), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1997, pp. 46-7.
[12]
Ephesus: An OTTI Travel Company. "Celsus Library: Ephesus Turkey." Ephesus.us. 2009. [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Retrieved March 7, 2010.
[13]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Twenty Million Turkish Lira - I. Series 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-11-22.. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
[14]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group - Twenty New Turkish Lira - I. Series 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-02-24..
Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-04-22., 8 May 2007. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

參考文獻

Boethius, Axel; J.B. Ward-Perkins. Etruscan and Roman Architecture: The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1970: 397. ISBN 978-0300052909.
Grant, Michael. Art in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge. 1995: 48–50. ISBN 978-0415120319.
Robertson, D.S. Greek and Roman Architecture. London: Cambridge University Press. 1964: 289–290. ISBN 978-0521094528.
Scarre, Christopher. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. London: Penguin. 1995: 76. ISBN 978-0140513295.
Greece and Asia Minor. The Cambridge Ancient History. XI, The High Empire AD 70-192. Cambridge University Press: 618–619, 631. ISBN 978-0521263351.
Library, Rome. The Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. 7, K-LYC. Brill Leiden: 502. 2005. ISBN 978-9004122598.

外部連結

fotopedia.com, Selected photos of the Library of Celsus
architecture.about.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Architecture, history, photos
ephesus.us （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, History, photos
sacred-destinations.com, History, travel, photos, map of the Library of Celsus site within the city of Ephesus
focusmm.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, History, architecture
classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography

37°56′20.9″N 27°20′26.7″E

[Swain_2002-1] [1]
Swain, Simon. Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 9780199255214. Nevertheless, in 92 the same office went to a Greek, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who belonged to a family of priests of Rome hailing from Sardis; entering the Senate under Vespasian, he was subsequently to be appointed proconsul of Asia under Trajan, possibly in 105/6. Celsus' son, Aquila, was also to be made suffectus in 110, although he is certainly remembered more as the builder of the famous library his father envisioned for Ephesus.

[Nicols,_John_1978_109-2] [2]
Nicols, John. Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28-31. Steiner. 1978: 109. ISBN 9783515023931. Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (PIR2 J 260) was a Romanized Greek of Ephesus or Sardis who became the first eastern consul.

[:3-3] [3]
Smith, Roland R. R. Cultural Choice and Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D.. The Journal of Roman Studies (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Roman Society). 1998, 88: 56–93. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300805. S2CID 154880233. doi:10.2307/300805.

[:1-4] [4]
Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001: 115.

[5] [5]
Planet, Lonely. Library of Celsus - Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-10）.

[Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-6] [6]
Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov. From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times. University of Michigan Press. 1975: 65. ISBN 9780472084203. ...statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father

[Celsus_Library,_Ephesos-7] [7]
Celsus Library, Ephesos. World History Encyclopedia. [2016-10-02].

[8] [8]
Library of Celsus. World History Encyclopedia. 22 July 2018 [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-03）.

[Clyde_E._Fant_2003,_p._194-9] [9]
Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell GReddish, A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 194.

[Clive_Foss_1979,_p._134-10] [10]
Clive Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City, 劍橋: 劍橋大學出版社, 1979, p. 134.

[Hartwig_Schmidt_1995,_pp._46-7-11] [11]
Hartwig Schmidt, 'Reconstruction of Ancient Buildings', in Marta de la Torre (ed.), The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (Conference, 6–12 May 1995, Getty Conservation Institute), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1997, pp. 46-7.

[12] [12]
Ephesus: An OTTI Travel Company. "Celsus Library: Ephesus Turkey." Ephesus.us. 2009. [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Retrieved March 7, 2010.

[13] [13]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Twenty Million Turkish Lira - I. Series 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-11-22.. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

[14] [14]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group - Twenty New Turkish Lira - I. Series 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-02-24..
Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-04-22., 8 May 2007. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

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