埃德薩戰役是羅馬帝國與薩珊王朝之間的一場戰役。由於沙普爾一世曾數次率軍進攻羅馬帝國，並且於公元 253年（一說256年）佔領了敘利亞的安條克。 [5][4]260年，羅馬帝國皇帝瓦勒良率領羅馬帝國軍隊進攻薩珊王朝[6]，並且與沙阿沙普爾一世率領的薩珊王朝軍隊交戰，結果羅馬帝國的軍隊被薩珊王朝擊敗，瓦勒良被俘虜。
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Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals "We learn that during the decisive battle near Edessa, not only high Roman officials but also the emperor Valerian himself were captured by Shapur with his own hands ... The Sasanians celebrated this victory, which was one of their greatest successes over the Western opponent, as an unparalleled triumph" Encyclopaedia Iranica, "And in the third campaign, we set upon Carrhae and Edessa, and as we were besieging Carrhae and Edessa, Valerian Caesar came against us, and with him was a force (later specified as totaling 70,000) from the province (hštr) of the Goths and Germans (most Roman provinces are named)." "... Valerian Caesar marched against us, and he had had with him, from [Magna] 日耳曼尼亞 (Germān-šahr), 雷蒂亞 (Rešyā-šahr), 諾里庫姆 (Nirkos-šahr), 達契亞行省 (Dākyā-šahr), 默西亞 (羅馬行省) (Mūsyā-šahr), 伊斯特拉半島 (Estriyā-šahr), 西班牙 (羅馬行省) (Espāniyā-šahr), 阿非利加 (羅馬行省) (Afrikiyā-šahr), 色雷斯 (羅馬行省) (Trākyā-šahr), 比提尼亞 (Butniyā-šahr), 亞細亞 (羅馬行省) (Āsiyā-šahr), 潘菲利亞 (Pamfaliyā-šahr), 伊蘇利亞 (Esuriyā-šahr), 呂考尼亞 (Lūkunyā-šahr), 加拉太 (羅馬行省) (Galātenyā-šahr), Cilicia (Roman province) (Kilikiyā-šahr), Cappadocia (Roman province) (Kappadukiyā-šahr), 弗里吉亞 (Frūgiyā-šahr), 敘利亞 (羅馬行省) (Sūriyā-šahr), 腓尼基 (羅馬行省) (Funikiyā-šahr), 猶太 (羅馬行省) (Jehūdiyā-šahr), 佩特拉阿拉伯 (Arabiyā-šahr), Mauretania (Roman province) (Murin-šahr), 日耳曼尼亞 (Germānyā-šahr) [the province], 羅得島 (Rodās-šahr), 奧斯若恩行省 (Asenyos-šahr), and 美索不達米亞 (羅馬行省) (Meyānrōdān-šahr) an army of 70 000 men." —Res Gestae Divi Saporis
