右翼獨裁

右翼獨裁（英語：Right-wing dictatorship或rightist dictatorship），又稱右翼威權主義（right-wing authoritarianism），是一種遵循右翼政策的獨裁政權，有時甚至是極權主義政權。右翼獨裁政權的典型特徵是訴諸傳統主義、保護法律和秩序以及鼓吹民族主義，並根據維護保守現狀（通常反對共產主義）的需要為其上台辯護。右翼獨裁的例子包括葡萄牙新國家、西班牙弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥獨裁和一些在冷戰期間統治拉丁美洲國家的軍事獨裁（如奧古斯托·皮諾切特領導下的智利軍政府）。^[1]

特徵

軍事獨裁

南美右翼獨裁政權被認為是右翼獨裁政權的典型案例。這些政權主要是軍政府，其中大部分在1980年代垮台。共產主義國家通常由文職政府領導。但也有例外，包括緬甸式社會主義（1966–1988）、波蘭人民共和國救國軍事委員會（1981–1983）戒嚴或朝鮮在金日成統治期間的演變。

宗教的作用

強大的政教聯盟政策通常被稱為教權法西斯主義（英語：Clerical fascism）。支持天主教的獨裁政權包括葡萄牙新國家政權（1933-1974）和奧地利聯邦國（1934-1938）。穆斯林世界也存在教權獨裁，包括伊朗伊斯蘭共和國和阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國。沙烏地阿拉伯或梵蒂岡城的神權絕對君主制也與上述政權有許多相似之處。其中許多是由精神領袖領導的，例如約瑟夫·蒂索牧師領導下的斯洛伐克共和國或伊朗霍梅尼（1979–1989）和哈梅內伊（1989–現在）。一些右翼獨裁政權，如納粹德國，公開敵視某些宗教。^[2]

另見

延伸閱讀

Schmitz, David F. Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1999. ISBN 0807847739. OCLC 901305850.
Schmitz, David F. The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0521678536. OCLC 61295816.

參考資料

[1]
Bailey, Diane. Colton, Timothy J. , 編. Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. 2 September 2014: 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521.
[2]
Gottfried, Ted. Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. 2001: 24–25 [14 January 2017]. ISBN 9780761317173. Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.

[1] [1]
Bailey, Diane. Colton, Timothy J. , 編. Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. 2 September 2014: 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521.

[Gottfried2001-2] [2]
Gottfried, Ted. Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. 2001: 24–25 [14 January 2017]. ISBN 9780761317173. Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.

[1]

[2]