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三位證人
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三位證人(英語:Three Witnesses)為早期後期聖徒運動中具關連性的3名人物之集合名詞,他們宣稱摩羅乃天使曾展示其給予約瑟·斯密的金頁片(英語:Golden plates),也就是後來翻譯而成的《摩爾門經》[1];他們也宣稱曾聽見神的聲音,展現翻譯這本書的神聖力量。這三個人皆為12名摩爾門經證人(英語:Book of Mormon witnesses)成員,其他成員包含約瑟·斯密以及八位證人(英語:Eight Witnesses)。
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三位證人──奧利佛·考德(英語:Oliver Cowdery)、馬丁·哈里斯(英語:Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints))與大衛·惠特默(英語:David Whitmer)──的聯合證詞,已於1830年與八位證人的獨立證詞,首次同時出版於《摩爾門經》當中,並隨附於幾乎每一版的《摩爾門經》。所有三名證人最後皆與斯密及其組織的教會決裂,但哈里斯與考德在斯密過世後重新加入[2][3]。惠特默則創立了他自己的基督教會(英語:Church of Christ (Whitmerite))。三名證人直到去世為止,都堅持他們對《摩爾門經》的見證[4][5]。
註解
- Oaks, Dallin H. The Witness: Martin Harris. [14 February 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-16).
- Faulring, Scott H. The Return of Oliver Cowdery. The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarshup. [14 February 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-21).
- Givens, Terryl, The Book of Mormon: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press: 99, 2009 ("the three witnesses all defected from Smith and his church, (only Whitmer permanently), though all maintained until death the truth of the affidavits.")
- In 1838, Joseph Smith called Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them." B.H. Roberts, ed. History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1905), 3: 232. Technically, Whitmer resigned before the High Council decided that he "be no longer considered a member of the Church of Christ of Latter day Saints." Ronald E. Romig, "Faithful Dissenter, Witness Apart," in Roger D. Launius and Linda Thatcher, Dissenting Visions: Dissenters in Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 36; Michael Marquardt, "David Whitmer: His Evolving Beliefs and Recollections," in Scattering of the Saints, Schism within Mormonism, eds. Newell G. Bringhurst and John C. Hamer, (Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books, 2007) p. 50.
參考文獻
- Anderson, Richard Lloyd. Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1981. ISBN 978-0-87747-846-1.
- Brodie, Fawn McKay. No Man Knows My History: the Life of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet 2nd., rev. and enl. New York: Vintage Books. 1995. ISBN 0-679-73054-0.
- Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-252-06012-0.
- Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
- Cook, Lyndon W. (ed). David Whitmer Interviews, A Restoration Witness. Orem, Utah: Grandin Book. 1991. ISBN 978-0-910523-38-7.
- Jessee, Dean C. (ed). The Papers of Joseph Smith. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1989. ISBN 0-87579-199-9.
- Latzer, Michael J. Whitmer, David. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. 2000.
- Palmer, Grant H. An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 2002. ISBN 1-56085-157-0.
- Roberts, Brigham Henry. New Witnesses for God. (Vols. 1-3). Salt Lake City: Deseret News. 1911.
- Vogel, Dan (ed). Early Mormon Documents. (Vols. 1-5). Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 1996–2003. ISBN 1-56085-072-8.