中东战场 (第一次世界大战)

第一次世界大战中东战场
	第一次世界大战的一部分
	; 1915年4月，加里波利之战
日期	1914年10月29日 - 1918年10月30日; (4年)
地点	中东地区 (高加索, 西奈半岛, 巴勒斯坦, 叙利亚, 约旦, 伊朗, 加里波利半岛, 阿拉伯半岛, 波斯湾, 美索不达米亚, 波斯)
结果	协约国胜利穆兹罗斯停战协定; 奥斯曼帝国的崩溃; 中东诞生大量新国家; 布列斯特-立陶夫斯克条约,巴统条约,色佛尔条约;
领土变更	奥斯曼帝国的分裂
参战方
协约国:; 英国印度 ; 澳大利亚 ; 新西兰 ; 南非 ; 纽芬兰自治领 ; 科威特（英语：Sheikhdom of Kuwait）; 俄罗斯亚美尼亚军团 ; (直到 1917年) 法国阿尔及利亚 ; 突尼斯 ; 西非 ; 亚美尼亚军团（英语：French Armenian Legion） ; 亚美尼亚 (从 1918年开始); 汉志 (从 1916年开始); 意大利 (从 1915年开始); 内志与哈萨 (从 1915年开始); 伊德里斯 (从 1915年开始); 亚述志愿军（英语：Assyrian volunteers）; 库尔德叛军	同盟国:; 奥斯曼帝国; 德国; 奥匈帝国支援:; 舍迈尔山; 阿塞拜疆 (从 1918年开始); 乔治亚 (从 1918年开始); 大多数的库尔德人部落
指挥官与领导者
第一代维米子爵朱利安·宾（英语：Julian Byng）; 阿奇博·莫瑞（英语：Archibald Murray）; 第一代艾伦比子爵埃德蒙·艾伦比; 伊恩·汉密尔顿; 约翰·尼克森（英语：John Nixon (Indian Army officer)）; 波西·雷克爵士（英语：Percy Lake）; 弗雷德里克·毛德（英语：Frederick Stanley Maude） †; 莱昂内尔·登司特维尔（英语：Lionel Dunsterville）; 阿拉伯的劳伦斯; 伊拉里翁·沃龙佐夫-达什科夫（英语：Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov）; 尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇大公; 尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·尤登尼奇; 尼古拉·巴拉托夫（英语：Nikolai Baratov）; 亨利·古洛（负伤）; 莫里斯·巴约（英语：Maurice Bailloud）; 霍凡内斯·哈克韦尔迪扬（英语：Hovhannes Hakhverdyan）; 托夫马斯·纳扎尔别克（英语：Tovmas Nazarbekian）; 安德拉尼克·奥扎尼安; 海珊·本·阿里; 费萨尔一世; 伊本·沙特	恩维尔帕夏; 杰马尔帕夏; 穆斯塔法·凯末尔; 切瓦特帕夏（英语：Cevat Pasha）; 瓦希比帕夏（英语：Wehib Pasha）; 努里帕夏（英语：Nuri Pasha）; 艾哈迈德·伊泽特帕夏; 费夫齐·恰克马克; 阿布都克里姆帕夏（英语：Abdul Kerim Pasha）; 哈里里帕夏; 纽雷丁帕夏（英语：Nureddin Pasha）; 穆罕默德·埃萨德帕夏（英语：Mehmet Esat Bülkat）; 法赫里帕夏（英语：Fakhri Pasha）; 弗里茨·冯·谢伦多夫（英语：Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf）; 奥托·冯·桑德斯; 科尔玛·冯·德·戈尔茨 †; 埃里希·冯·法金汉; 腓特烈·克里萨斯泰因（英语：Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein）; 萨乌德·本·阿卜杜勒; 法塔利·汗·霍伊斯基（英语：Fatali Khan Khoyski）; 诺伊·佐达尼亚
兵力
: 2,550,000人; : 1,000,000人; : 数十万人; : 数十万人; 30,000人 (1916年); 50,000人以上 (1918年); : 20,000人; : 2,000人总共: 3,620,000人以上	:; 3,059,205人 (战争总动员士兵人数); 800,000人 (高峰); 323,000人(在穆兹罗斯停战协定时); : 6,500人 (1916年); 20,000人 (1918年); : 6,000人以上 (1918年); : 9,000人 (1918年)
伤亡与损失
1,250,000人以上伤亡统计各国的伤亡人数 1,005,000人; 140,000人以上; 47,000人以上; ;	1,560,000人; 771,844人死亡或失踪; 695,375人受伤; 145,104人被俘
	至少有2,275,000名平民死于奥斯曼帝国在1914–1918年的种族屠杀 (1,500,000名亚美尼亚人, 500,000名希腊人, 275,000名亚述人) ; 至少有1,200,000名奥斯曼帝国平民死于饥荒或疾病 ; 2,000,000名波斯人死于饥荒（英语：Persian famine of 1917-1919） ; 总共: 至少5,500,000名平民死亡

中东战场是第一次世界大战期间自1914年10月29日至1918年10月30日发生的一系列军事行动的代称。参战方包括奥斯曼帝国以及部分同盟国，和协约国的大英帝国、俄罗斯帝国、法兰西共和国和当地起义军。主要有五场战役：西奈与巴勒斯坦战役、美索不达米亚战役、高加索战役、波斯战役和加里波利战役。另外还有相对小型的阿拉伯起义和南阿拉伯战役。除去正规军之外，双方在区域内采用了非对称作战。协约国方面有参与阿拉伯叛乱的阿拉伯人，和因亚美尼亚种族灭绝参与亚美尼亚抵抗运动的亚美尼亚游击队。亚美尼亚志愿军与亚美尼亚游击队在随后的1918年形成了亚美尼亚民主共和国的军队。此外，亚述人在亚述人种族大屠杀后也加入了协约国，被称为亚述志愿军和我们最小的盟友。^[23]^[24]战区覆盖了战争中所有战区中最大的领土。这一战场在一战中包含了最大的参战地域。

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俄军的参战以与奥斯曼帝国达成埃尔津詹休战（1917年12月5日）和随后苏俄政府以布列斯特-立陶夫斯克条约（1918年3月3日）撤军为止。亚美尼亚人参加了1918年3月14日的特拉布宗和平会议，并最终在1918年6月4日以亚美尼亚民主共和国的身份与奥斯曼帝国签署了巴统条约。奥斯曼于1918年10月30日接受了协约国的穆德洛斯停战协定，并分别于1920年8月10日和1923年7月24日签署了色佛尔条约和洛桑条约。

注脚

[1]
Zardykhan, Zharmukhamed. Ottoman Kurds of the First World War Era: Reflections in Russian Sources. Middle Eastern Studies. 2006, 42 (1): 67–85 [2022-03-09]. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284431. S2CID 145313196. doi:10.1080/00263200500399561. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）. The Kurdish 'natural' opposition to the Hamidiye is mentioned by Kamal Madhar Ahmad among the reasons for the adherence of some Kurdish chieftains to Russia. [...] In addition, as General Korsun states, the Russian 'conquest' of Erzincan created an opportunity for Russia to establish contact with the Kurds of Dersim, 'who were rising up against the Turks'.
[2]
Armstrong, Mick. The Kurdish tragedy. redflag.org.au. 28 October 2019 [2020-05-04]. （原始内容存档于17 March 2020）. During World War One, the Western powers, in particular the British, promised the Kurds an independent state to encourage them to revolt against their Ottoman rulers.
[3]
Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期18 June 2008.
[4]
Jung, Peter. Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey. 2003: 47. ISBN 1841765945.
[5]
Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 94 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521620961. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.
[6]
Erickson, Edward J. Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.
[7]
Murphy, p. 26.
[8]
Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Tughra Books, 2006, ISBN 1-59784-054-8, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.
[9]
Paul Bartrop, Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses, ABC-CLIO, 2014
[10]
Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark. The Economics Of World War I. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 117 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521852129. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.
[11]
Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, UTB, 2008, ISBN 3825283968, p. 761 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（德语）.
[12]
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010
[13]
MK/QİO ilə işğalçı qoşunların say tərkibi, silah və hərbi texnikasına BAXIŞ (FOTOLAR) - I Yazı. [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-23）.
[14]
Kostiner, Joseph. The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. 1993: 28 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0195360702. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.
[15]
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0313315167, p. 211 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).
[16]
Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
[17]
Taner Akcam. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Henry Holt and Company. 21 August 2007: 107. ISBN 978-1-4668-3212-1.
[18]
Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156.
[19]
Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77, 78.
[20]
Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds. BBC World Service. BBC. 26 November 2014 [12 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）.
[21]
Schatkowski Schilcher, Linda: The famine of 1915–1918 in Greater Syria, in: Spagnolo, John P. (ed.): Problems of the modern Middle East in historical perspective, Ithaca 1993: Cornell University Press, pp. 229-258.
[22]
Ward, Steven R. Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781626160651., p. 123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands."
[23]
Wigram, William Ainger. Our Smallest Ally ; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger] ; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1920 [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-14）（英语）.
[24]
Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281

[1] [1]
Zardykhan, Zharmukhamed. Ottoman Kurds of the First World War Era: Reflections in Russian Sources. Middle Eastern Studies. 2006, 42 (1): 67–85 [2022-03-09]. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284431. S2CID 145313196. doi:10.1080/00263200500399561. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）. The Kurdish 'natural' opposition to the Hamidiye is mentioned by Kamal Madhar Ahmad among the reasons for the adherence of some Kurdish chieftains to Russia. [...] In addition, as General Korsun states, the Russian 'conquest' of Erzincan created an opportunity for Russia to establish contact with the Kurds of Dersim, 'who were rising up against the Turks'.

[:6-2] [2]
Armstrong, Mick. The Kurdish tragedy. redflag.org.au. 28 October 2019 [2020-05-04]. （原始内容存档于17 March 2020）. During World War One, the Western powers, in particular the British, promised the Kurds an independent state to encourage them to revolt against their Ottoman rulers.

[3] [3]
Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期18 June 2008.

[4] [4]
Jung, Peter. Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey. 2003: 47. ISBN 1841765945.

[kate-5] [5]
Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 94 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521620961. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.

[erickson2007-6] [6]
Erickson, Edward J. Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.

[Murphy26-7] [7]
Murphy, p. 26.

[8] [8]
Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Tughra Books, 2006, ISBN 1-59784-054-8, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.

[ReferenceA-9] [9]
Paul Bartrop, Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses, ABC-CLIO, 2014

[broadberry-10] [10]
Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark. The Economics Of World War I. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 117 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521852129. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.

[11] [11]
Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, UTB, 2008, ISBN 3825283968, p. 761 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（德语）.

[Late_Ottoman_Empire_page_181-12] [12]
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010

[13] [13]
MK/QİO ilə işğalçı qoşunların say tərkibi, silah və hərbi texnikasına BAXIŞ (FOTOLAR) - I Yazı. [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-23）.

[14] [14]
Kostiner, Joseph. The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. 1993: 28 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0195360702. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.

[Er211-15] [15]
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0313315167, p. 211 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).

[16] [16]
Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.

[17] [17]
Taner Akcam. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Henry Holt and Company. 21 August 2007: 107. ISBN 978-1-4668-3212-1.

[18] [18]
Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156.

[19] [19]
Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77, 78.

[20] [20]
Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds. BBC World Service. BBC. 26 November 2014 [12 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）.

[21] [21]
Schatkowski Schilcher, Linda: The famine of 1915–1918 in Greater Syria, in: Spagnolo, John P. (ed.): Problems of the modern Middle East in historical perspective, Ithaca 1993: Cornell University Press, pp. 229-258.

[22] [22]
Ward, Steven R. Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781626160651., p. 123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands."

[23] [23]
Wigram, William Ainger. Our Smallest Ally ; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger] ; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1920 [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-14）（英语）.

[books.google.co.uk-24] [24]
Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281

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[24]

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