冲动 (心理学)

在心理学中，冲动是一种纯粹跟随欲望等做出行为的倾向，表现出的行为特征是很少或根本没有预先计划、反思或考虑后果。^[1] 冲动行为通常是“构思不当、表达过早、风险过大，或不适合且通常会导致不良后果的情况”^[2]，这会危及长期目标和成功战略。^[3] 冲动可以归类为多因素结构。^[4] 也有一种功能性的冲动，即在适当的情况下没有经过深思熟虑的行动，可以而且确实会导致理想的结果。 “当这种行为产生积极的结果时，它们往往不被视为冲动的迹象，而是作为大胆（英语：Boldness）、敏捷、自发性、勇敢或不受常规约束的指标”。^[2]^[5] 因此，冲动的构成至少包括两个独立的组成部分：首先，在没有适当考虑的情况下采取行动^[2]，可能会或可能不会起作用；第二，选择短期收益而不是长期收益。^[6]

冲动既是人格的一个方面，也是各种心理障碍的主要组成部分，包括胎儿酒精谱系障碍、注意力不足过动症^[7]、物质使用障碍^[8]^[9]、双相情感障碍^[10]、反社会人格障碍^[11]和边缘型人格障碍^[12]。在后天脑损伤（英语：Acquired brain injury）^[13]和神经退行性疾病^[14]的情况下，也注意到了异常的冲动模式。神经生物学研究结果表明，冲动行为涉及特定的大脑区域^[15]^[16]^[17]，尽管不同的大脑网络可能导致不同的冲动表现^[18]，并且遗传可能发挥作用。^[19]

许多行动同时包含冲动性和强迫性特征，但冲动性和强迫性在功能上是不同的。冲动性和强迫性是相互关联的，因为它们都表现出过早或未经深思熟虑的行为倾向，并且通常会产生负面结果。^[20]^[21] 强迫性可能是一个连续统一体，一方面是强迫性，另一方面是冲动性，但在这一点上的研究是相矛盾的。^[22] 强迫性是对感知到的风险或威胁的反应，而冲动是对感知到的直接收益或利益的反应^[20]，并且，强迫性涉及重复的行为，而冲动性涉及无计划的反应。

冲动是赌博和酒精成瘾的共同特征。研究表明拥有此类成瘾情况的人，拥有比没有此类成瘾情况的人更高的延迟付款贴现比率；此类成瘾情况亦会导致贴现行为的累加效应（英语：additive effects）。^[23]

参见

抑制控制
注意力不足过动症
冲动购物症
延迟满足（英语：Deferred gratification）
冲动控制疾患（英语：Impulse control disorder）
感官刺激寻求（英语：Sensation seeking）
追求新奇（英语：Novelty seeking）

参考文献

[1]
VandenBos, G. R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: APA. 2007: 470. ISBN 9781591473800.
[2]
Daruna, J. H.; Barnes, P. A. A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. McCown, William George; Johnson, Judith L.; Shure, Myrna B. (编). The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1993: 23–37. ISBN 978-1-55798-208-7. doi:10.1037/10500-002.
[3]
Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. A Delay-Discounting Primer. Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (编). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010: 11–37. ISBN 978-1-4338-0477-9.
[4]
Evenden, J. L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 146 (4): 348–61. PMID 10550486. S2CID 5972342. doi:10.1007/PL00005481.
[5]
Dickman, Scott J. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990, 58 (1): 95–102. PMID 2308076. S2CID 34912306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95.
[6]
Rachlin, Howard. Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2000: 183 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-674-00093-3. （原始内容存档于2021-12-19）.
[7]
Nigg, Joel T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (5): 571–98. PMID 11548968. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571.
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Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Pietras, Cynthia J.; Tcheremissine, Oleg V. Relationships Among Laboratory and Psychometric Measures of Impulsivity: Implications in Substance Abuse and Dependence. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2003, 2 (2): 33–40. S2CID 143129215. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302020-00001.
[9]
Madden, G.J.; Petry, N.M.; Badger, G.J.; Bickel, W. K. Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997, 5 (3): 256–62. PMID 9260073. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256.
[10]
Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.
[11]
Horn, N.R.; Dolan, M.; Elliott, R.; Deakin, J.F.W.; Woodruff, P.W.R. Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2003, 41 (14): 1959–66. PMID 14572528. S2CID 31957781. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00077-0.
[12]
Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.
[13]
Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury. Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173.
[14]
Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez, Agustín; Roca, María; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010, 6 (11): 611–23. PMID 21045795. S2CID 13333018. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148.
[15]
Corsini, Raymond Joseph. The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. 1999: 476. ISBN 1-58391-028-X.
[16]
Berlin, H. A.; Rolls, E. T.; Kischka, U. Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2004, 127 (5): 1108–26. PMID 14985269. doi:10.1093/brain/awh135 .
[17]
Salmond, C.H.; Menon, D.K.; Chatfield, D.A.; Pickard, J.D.; Sahakian, B.J. Deficits in Decision-Making in Head Injury Survivors. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005, 22 (6): 613–22. PMID 15941371. doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.613.
[18]
Whelan, Robert; Conrod, Patricia J; Poline, Jean-Baptiste; Lourdusamy, Anbarasu; Banaschewski, Tobias; Barker, Gareth J; Bellgrove, Mark A; Büchel, Christian; et al. Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (6): 920–5. PMID 22544311. S2CID 18808674. doi:10.1038/nn.3092.
[19]
Terracciano, A; Esko, T; Sutin, A R; De Moor, M H M; Meirelles, O; Zhu, G; Tanaka, T; Giegling, I; et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with excitement-seeking. Translational Psychiatry. 2011, 1 (10): e49–. PMC 3309493 . PMID 22833195. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.42.
[20]
Berlin, Heather A.; Hollander, Eric. Understanding the Differences Between Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Psychiatric Times. July 1, 2008. （原始内容存档于December 3, 2013）.
[21]
Oldham, J.M.; Hollander, E.; Skodol, A.E. Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. 1996.^{[页码请求]}
[22]
Engel, Scott G.; Corneliussen, Stephanie J.; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Crosby, Ross D.; Le Grange, Daniel; Crow, Scott; Klein, Marjorie; Bardone-Cone, Anna; et al. Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005, 38 (3): 244–51. PMID 16211626. doi:10.1002/eat.20169.
[23]
Andrade, Leonardo F.; Alessi, Sheila M.; Petry, Nancy M. The Effects of Alcohol Problems and Smoking on Delay Discounting in Individuals with Gambling Problems. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 45 (3): 241–248. ISSN 0279-1072. PMC 3816387 . PMID 24175489. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803645.

[1] [1]
VandenBos, G. R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: APA. 2007: 470. ISBN 9781591473800.

[Daruna-2] [2]
Daruna, J. H.; Barnes, P. A. A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. McCown, William George; Johnson, Judith L.; Shure, Myrna B. (编). The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1993: 23–37. ISBN 978-1-55798-208-7. doi:10.1037/10500-002.

[M&G10-3] [3]
Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. A Delay-Discounting Primer. Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (编). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010: 11–37. ISBN 978-1-4338-0477-9.

[4] [4]
Evenden, J. L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 146 (4): 348–61. PMID 10550486. S2CID 5972342. doi:10.1007/PL00005481.

[5] [5]
Dickman, Scott J. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990, 58 (1): 95–102. PMID 2308076. S2CID 34912306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95.

[6] [6]
Rachlin, Howard. Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2000: 183 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-674-00093-3. （原始内容存档于2021-12-19）.

[7] [7]
Nigg, Joel T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (5): 571–98. PMID 11548968. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571.

[8] [8]
Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Pietras, Cynthia J.; Tcheremissine, Oleg V. Relationships Among Laboratory and Psychometric Measures of Impulsivity: Implications in Substance Abuse and Dependence. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2003, 2 (2): 33–40. S2CID 143129215. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302020-00001.

[9] [9]
Madden, G.J.; Petry, N.M.; Badger, G.J.; Bickel, W. K. Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997, 5 (3): 256–62. PMID 9260073. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256.

[Henry-10] [10]
Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.

[Horn-11] [11]
Horn, N.R.; Dolan, M.; Elliott, R.; Deakin, J.F.W.; Woodruff, P.W.R. Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2003, 41 (14): 1959–66. PMID 14572528. S2CID 31957781. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00077-0.

[Henry3-12] [12]
Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.

[13] [13]
Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury. Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173.

[14] [14]
Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez, Agustín; Roca, María; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010, 6 (11): 611–23. PMID 21045795. S2CID 13333018. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148.

[15] [15]
Corsini, Raymond Joseph. The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. 1999: 476. ISBN 1-58391-028-X.

[16] [16]
Berlin, H. A.; Rolls, E. T.; Kischka, U. Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2004, 127 (5): 1108–26. PMID 14985269. doi:10.1093/brain/awh135 .

[17] [17]
Salmond, C.H.; Menon, D.K.; Chatfield, D.A.; Pickard, J.D.; Sahakian, B.J. Deficits in Decision-Making in Head Injury Survivors. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005, 22 (6): 613–22. PMID 15941371. doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.613.

[18] [18]
Whelan, Robert; Conrod, Patricia J; Poline, Jean-Baptiste; Lourdusamy, Anbarasu; Banaschewski, Tobias; Barker, Gareth J; Bellgrove, Mark A; Büchel, Christian; et al. Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (6): 920–5. PMID 22544311. S2CID 18808674. doi:10.1038/nn.3092.

[:0-19] [19]
Terracciano, A; Esko, T; Sutin, A R; De Moor, M H M; Meirelles, O; Zhu, G; Tanaka, T; Giegling, I; et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with excitement-seeking. Translational Psychiatry. 2011, 1 (10): e49–. PMC 3309493 . PMID 22833195. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.42.

[Berlin,_H._A._2008-20] [20]
Berlin, Heather A.; Hollander, Eric. Understanding the Differences Between Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Psychiatric Times. July 1, 2008. （原始内容存档于December 3, 2013）.

[21] [21]
Oldham, J.M.; Hollander, E.; Skodol, A.E. Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. 1996.^{[页码请求]}

[22] [22]
Engel, Scott G.; Corneliussen, Stephanie J.; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Crosby, Ross D.; Le Grange, Daniel; Crow, Scott; Klein, Marjorie; Bardone-Cone, Anna; et al. Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005, 38 (3): 244–51. PMID 16211626. doi:10.1002/eat.20169.

[Andrade_Alessi_Petry_2013_pp._241–248-23] [23]
Andrade, Leonardo F.; Alessi, Sheila M.; Petry, Nancy M. The Effects of Alcohol Problems and Smoking on Delay Discounting in Individuals with Gambling Problems. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 45 (3): 241–248. ISSN 0279-1072. PMC 3816387 . PMID 24175489. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803645.

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