Central American pine–oak forests

ra_Madre_de_Chiapas_moist_forests）生态区覆盖了山脉的南坡。山脉拦截来自太平洋的风，产生雾、云和地形降水，维持生态区的云雾森林。中美洲松橡树林（英语：Central American pine–oak forests）生态区覆盖了山脉的高峰和北坡。 Sierra Madre

ectomycorrhizal macrofungi of Costa Rican oak forests. Kappelle M (编). Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests. Springer. 2006: 62 [2009-11-14]

（原始内容存档于2012-10-15）.  National Forests of Texas. U.S. Forest Service. [2012-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-17）.  Green Ash-Overcup Oak-Sweetgum Research Natural Areas

Peninsula; 2 South Orkney Islands; 3 North-west Antarctic Peninsula; 4 Central south Antarctic Peninsula; 5 Enderby Land; 6 Dronning Maud Land; 7 East