紫菀属(学名:Aster)是菊科下的一个属,同时也是菊科的模式属,其模式种为雅美紫菀(Aster amellus)。这个属曾经包括欧亚大陆及北美洲的近600种植物,但是在经过了20世纪90年代中对于该属的形态学以及分子生物学研究后,人们认为其中一些来自北美洲的种应该被分入其他的一系列近缘属里。[1] 在这次拆分后,这个属留下了大概180个种,其中除一种外,其余均原产于欧亚大陆。
名称
在英文中,紫菀的名字Aster来自于古希腊语的单词astron,意思是“星”,并经过具有同样意思的拉丁文单词astrum而被引入,实际上人们用这个词是在描述紫菀的花序。
在园艺中,人们通常按照习惯,把分类变更之前及之后的植物都统称为“紫菀”。
形态
多年生草本,亚灌木或灌木。茎直立。叶互生,有齿或全缘。头状花序作伞房状或圆锥伞房状排列,或单生,各有多数异形花,放射状,外围有1-2层雌花,中央有多数两性花,都结果实,少有无雌花而呈盘状。总苞半球状、钟状或倒锥状;总苞片2至多层,外层渐短,覆瓦状排列或近等长,草质或革质。花托蜂窝状,平或稍凸起。雌花花冠舌状,舌片狭长,白色、浅红色、紫色或蓝色,顶端有2-3个不明显的齿;两性花花冠管状,黄色或顶端紫褐色,通常有5等形的裂片。花药基部钝,通常全缘。花柱分枝附片披针形或三角形。冠毛宿存,白色或红褐色,有多数近等长的细糙毛,或另有一外层极短的毛或膜片。瘦果长圆形或倒卵圆形,扁或两面稍凸,有2边肋,通常被毛或有腺。[2]
用途
分布
在美国紫菀甚至可以在所有的抗寒区生长。但现在,紫菀属中的种通常仅限于东半球,而新大陆上的物种已经被重新归于泽菀属(Almutaster)、沼菀属(Canadanthus)、东风菜属(Doellingeria)、丽菀属(Eucephalus)、绿顶菊属(Eurybia)、踝菀属(Ionactis)、白黄花属(Oligoneuron)、Oreostemma(Oreostemma)、白顶菊属(Sericocarpus)和卷舌菊属(Symphyotrichum), [3] 尽管所有的这些属都属于紫菀族(Astereae)。
这个属中只有两个种是原产于英国的,其中麻菀(Aster linosyris)很稀有,而另一种是海紫菀(Aster tripolium)。高山紫菀(Aster alpinus spp. vierhapperi)则是唯一的北美原生种。[4]
在中国紫菀属的植物分布十分广泛,各地均产。[5]
下属物种
本属包括以下物种:[6]
- 三脉紫菀 Aster ageratoides Turcz.
- Aster aitchisonii Boiss.
- 翼柄紫菀 Aster alatipes Hemsl.
- Aster albanicus Degen
- 小舌紫菀 Aster albescens (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.
- 高山紫菀 Aster alpinus Linn.
- 雅美紫菀 Aster amellus L.
- Aster ananthocladus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Aster andicola Hauman
- Aster andohahelensis Humbert
- Aster aragonensis Asso
- Aster arenosus (A. Heller) S.F.Blake
- 银鳞紫菀 Aster argyropholis Hand.-Mazz.
- 香紫菀 Aster artemisiaodorum X. X. Su, S. P. Chen & L. Ma[7]
- Aster asa-grayi Makino
- 星舌紫菀 Aster asteroides (DC.) O. Ktze.
- 紫背紫菀 Aster atropurpurea W.P. Li & G.X. Chen,发现于湖南湘西世界地质公园吉首德夯风景名胜区[8]
- 耳叶紫菀 Aster auriculatus Franch.
- 白舌紫菀 Aster baccharoides (Benth.) Steetz.
- Aster bakerianus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.
- Aster barbatus (DC.) Harv.
- 髯毛紫菀 Aster barbellatus Griers.
- Aster baronii Humbert
- 巴塘紫菀 Aster batangensis Bur. et Franch.
- 线舌紫菀 Aster bietii Franch.
- 重羽紫菀 Aster bipinnatisectus Ludlow ex Griers.
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- 短毛紫菀 Aster brachytrichus Franch.
- 短茎紫菀 Aster brevis Hand.-Mazz.
- 扁毛紫菀 Aster bulleyanus J. F. Jeffr.
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- Aster chimanimaniensis W. Lippert,见于津巴布韦Chimanimani山
- Aster colchicus Albov
- Aster comptonii W. Lippert
- Aster confertifolius Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Aster creticus (Gand.) Rech. f.
- Aster curtus Cronquist
- 重冠紫菀 Aster diplostephioides (DC.) C. B. Clarke
- 长叶紫菀 Aster dolichophyllus Ling
- 长梗紫菀 Aster dolichopodus Ling
- Aster erucifolius (Thell.) W. Lippert
- 镰叶紫菀 Aster falcifolius Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster falconeri (C.B. Clarke) Hutch.
- Aster fanjingshanicus Y.L. Chen & D.J. Liu
- 狭苞紫菀 Aster farreri W. W. Sm. et J. F. Jeffr.
- Aster filipes J.Q. Fu
- 萎软紫菀 Aster flaccidus Bge.
- 台岩紫菀 Aster formosanus Hayata
- Aster frutescens S. Watson
- 辉叶紫菀 Aster fulgidulus Griers.
- 褐毛紫菀 Aster fuscescens Burr. et Franch.
- 秦中紫菀 Aster giraldii Diels
- Aster glehnii F. Schmidt
- 细茎紫菀 Aster gracilicaulis Ling
- Aster grisebachii Britton
- Aster gymnocephalus (DC.) A. Gray
- 红冠紫菀 Aster handelii Onno
- Aster harveyanus Kuntze
- Aster hayatae H. Lév. & Vaniot
- Aster heliopsis Grierson
- 横斜紫菀 Aster hersileoides Schneid.
- 异苞紫菀 Aster heterolepis Hand.-Mazz.
- 须弥紫菀 Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke
- 全茸紫菀 Aster hololachnus Ling
- 等苞紫菀 Aster homochlamydeus Hand.-Mazz.
- 湖南紫菀 Aster hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
- 白背紫菀 Aster hypoleucus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster iinumae Kitam. ex H.Hara
- 叶苞紫菀 Aster indamellus Griers.
- Aster intricatus (A. Gray) S.F. Blake
- 堇舌紫菀 Aster ionoglossus Ling
- 大埔紫菀 Aster itsunboshi Kitam.
- 滇西北紫菀 Aster jeffreyanus Diels
- Aster juchaihu Z.Y. Zhu & B.Q. Min
- Aster kantoensis Kitam.
- Aster koraiensis Nakai
- Aster laevigatus (Sond.) Kuntze
- Aster laka C.B. Clarke
- Aster langaoensis J.Q. Fu
- 棉毛紫菀 Aster lanuginosus (J. Small) Ling
- 宽苞紫菀 Aster latibracteatus Franch.
- 线叶紫菀 Aster lavanduliifolius Hand.-Mazz.
- 丽江紫菀 Aster likiangensis Franch.
- 湿生紫菀 Aster limosus Hemsl.
- 舌叶紫菀 Aster lingulatus Franch.
- 麻菀 Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.
- 青海紫菀 Aster lipskyi Komar.
- 卢氏紫菀 Aster lushiensis (J.Q.Fu) Brouillet, Semple & Y.L.Chen,卢氏裸菀[9]
- 吕宋紫菀 Aster luzonensis Elmer
- Aster lydenburgensis W. Lippert
- 圆苞紫菀 Aster maackii Regel
- Aster madagascariensis Humbert
- Aster magnus Y.N. Lee & C. Kim
- Aster mandrarensis Humbert
- 莽山紫菀 Aster mangshanensis Ling
- 大花紫菀 Aster megalanthus Ling
- 黔中紫菀 Aster menelii Lévl.
- Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.
- Aster milanjiensis S. Moore
- Aster miyagii Koidz.
- 软毛紫菀 Aster molliusculus (DC.) C. B. Clarke
- 玉山紫菀 Aster morrisonensis Hayata
- Aster motuoensis Y.L. Chen
- 川鄂紫菀 Aster moupinsensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.
- 新雅紫菀 Aster neo-elegans Griers.
- 黑山紫菀 Aster nigromontanus Dunn
- 亮叶紫菀 Aster nitidus Chang
- 荷兰菊 Aster novi-belgii
- Aster nubimontis W. Lippert
- Aster oleifolius (Lam.) Wagenitz
- 石生紫菀 Aster oreophilus Franch.
- 卵叶紫菀 Aster ovalifolius Kitam.
- 琴叶紫菀 Aster panduratus Nees ex Walper
- Aster patulus Lam.
- Aster peduncularis Wall. ex Nees
- Aster peglerae Bolus
- Aster perfoliatus Oliv.
- Aster philippinensis S. Moore
- Aster platylepis Y.L. Chen
- Aster pleiocephalus (Harv.) Hutch.
- 灰枝紫菀 Aster poliothamnus Diels
- 灰毛紫菀 Aster polius Schneid.
- 厚棉紫菀 Aster prainii (Drumm.) Y. L. Chen
- 高茎紫菀 Aster prorerus Hemsl.
- Aster pseudobakerianus W. Lippert
- Aster pubentior Cronquist
- Aster punctatus Waldst. & Kit.
- 密叶紫菀 Aster pycnophyllus W. W. Smith
- Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC.
- 泉州紫菀 Aster quanzhouensis M.Tang, G.J.Yan & W.P.Li[10]
- Aster quitensis Willd. ex Spreng.
- 凹叶紫菀 Aster retusus Ludlow
- Aster riparius Kunth
- 腾越紫菀 Aster rockianus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster saboureaui Humbert
- 怒江紫菀 Aster salwinensis Onno
- 短舌紫菀 Aster sampsonii (Hance) Hemsl.
- 三清山紫菀 Aster sanqingshanica J.W. Xiao & W.P. Li[11]
- Aster satsumensis Soejima
- Aster savatieri Makino
- Aster sedifolius L.
- Aster semiamplexicaulis Makino ex Koidz.
- 狗舌紫菀 Aster senecioides Franch.
- Aster shastensis (A. Gray) A. Gray
- 锡金紫菀 Aster sikkimensis Hook.
- 西固紫菀 Aster sikuensis W. W. Smith et Farr.
- 岳麓紫菀 Aster sinianus Hand.-Mazz.
- 甘川紫菀 Aster smithianus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster sodiroi Hieron.
- 缘毛紫菀 Aster souliei Franch.
- Aster spathulifolius Maxim.
- 圆耳紫菀 Aster sphaerotus Ling
- Aster steeleorum Shinners
- 匍生紫菀 Aster stracheyi Hook. f.
- Aster sugimotoi Kitam.
- 四川紫菀 Aster sutchuenensis Franch.
- 山紫菀 Aster tagasagomontanus Sasaki.,雪山马兰
- 台湾紫菀 Aster taiwanensis Kitam.
- 凉山紫菀 Aster taliangshanensis Ling
- Aster tansaniensis W. Lippert
- Aster tarbagatensis (K. Koch) Merxm.
- 紫菀 Aster tataricus Linn. f.
- 德钦紫菀 Aster techinensis Ling
- Aster tenuipes Makino
- Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke
- 天全紫菀 Aster tientschuanensis Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster tolmatschevii Tamamsch.
- Aster tonglingensis G.J. Zhang & T.G. Gao[12]
- 东俄洛紫菀 Aster tongolensis Franch.
- 三头紫菀 Aster tricephalus C. B. Clarke
- 毛脉紫菀 Aster trichoneurus Ling
- 三基脉紫菀 Aster trinervius D. Don
- 海紫菀 Aster tripolium L.
- 察瓦龙紫菀 Aster tsarungensis (Griers.) Ling
- 陀螺紫菀 Aster turbinatus S. Moore
- 仙白草 Aster turbinatus var. chekiangensis C. Ling ex Ling
- 峨眉紫菀 Aster veitchianus Hutch. et Drumm.
- 毡毛紫菀 Aster velutinosus Ling
- 密毛紫菀 Aster vestitus Franch.
- Aster viscidulus (Makino) Makino
- Aster vvedenskyi Bondarenko
- Aster willkommii Sch.Bip.
- Aster woroschilowii Zdor. & Schapoval
- 屋久岛紫菀 Aster yakushimensis (Kitam.) Soejima & Yahara
- Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda
- 吉永紫菀 Aster yoshinaganus (Kitam.) Mot. Ito & Soejima
- 云南紫菀 Aster yunnanensis Franch.
- 察隅紫菀 Aster zayuensis Y.L. Chen
- Aster zuluensis W. Lippert
- Aster x dumosus
参考文献
外部链接
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