𫚉科

𫚉科; 化石时期：豪特里维期 - 现今 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	蓝斑条尾𫚉（Taeniura lymma）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes
目：	鲼目 Myliobatiformes
亚目：	鲼亚目 Myliobatoidei
科：	𫚉科 Dasyatidae; Jordan, 1888
属
	见内文
异名
	Trygonidae

𫚉科（学名：Dasyatidae、英语：Stingrays），又名土𫚉科，是软骨鱼纲燕𫚉目的一科。身长范围大约在 0.18至2.6米（0.59至8.53英尺）之间。

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分布

本科鱼类广泛分布于全球各大洋热带至温带海域，并能进入非洲、亚洲、美洲与澳洲的某些河口及淡水流域。^[2]^[3]

深度

水深3至200米以上。

分类

𫚉科下分12个属，如下：

双褶𫚉属（Amphotistius）

覆瓦双褶𫚉 Amphotistius imbricatus
老挝双褶𫚉 Amphotistius laosensis
大西洋双褶𫚉 Amphotistius sabina

Bathytoshia属

短尾𫚉 Bathytoshia brevicaudata
粗尾𫚉 Bathytoshia centroura
鬼土𫚉 Bathytoshia latus ：又称鬼𫚉。

Brevitrygon 属

Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852)
Brevitrygon imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Brevitrygon javaensis (Last & White, 2013)
Brevitrygon manjajiae Last, Weigmann & Naylor, 2024^[4]
Brevitrygon walga (Müller & Henle, 1841)

𫚉属（Dasyatis）

河盘𫚉属（Disceus）

苹果𫚉 Disceus aiereba

半𫚉属（Hemitrygon）

窄尾𫚉属（Himantura）

新𫚉属（Neotrygon）

Neotrygon bobwardi Borsa, Arlyza, Hoareau & Shen, 2017^[5]
Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Last, White & Serét, 2016^[6]
Neotrygon indica Pavan-Kumar, Kumar & Borsa, 2017^[7]
古氏土𫚉 Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841)：又称古氏𫚉。^[6]
Neotrygon malaccensis Borsa, Arlyza, Hoareau & Shen, 2017^[5]
Neotrygon moluccensis Borsa, Arlyza, Hoareau & Shen, 2017^[5]
Neotrygon ningalooensis Last, White & Puckridge, 2010^[8]
Neotrygon orientale Last, White & Serét, 2016^[6]
似新𫚉 Neotrygon trigonoidae
Neotrygon vali Borsa, 2017^[9]
Neotrygon westpapuensis Borsa, Arlyza, Hoareau & Shen, 2017^[5]

副江𫚉属（Paratrygon）

巴西副江𫚉 Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841)
Paratrygon orinocensis Loboda, Lasso, Rosa & Carvalho, 2021
Paratrygon parvaspina Loboda, Lasso, Rosa & Carvalho, 2021

萝卜𫚉属（Pastinachus）

褶尾萝卜𫚉 Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775)

近江𫚉属（Plesiotrygon）

近江𫚉 Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987
矮身近江𫚉 Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho & Ragno, 2011^[10]

翼𫚉属（Pteroplatytrygon）

紫𫚉 Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)

河𫚉属（Potamotrygon）

绿豆𫚉 Potamotrygon castex
- 泰鲁𫚉 Potamotrygon castexi var
卡氏江𫚉 Potamotrygon falkneri
金点𫚉 Potamotrygon henlei
龟甲𫚉 potamotrygon humerosa
黑白𫚉 Potamotrygon leopoldi
帝王𫚉 Potamotrygon menchacai
珍珠𫚉 Potamotrygon motoro
迷你𫚉 Potamotrygon reticulata

条尾𫚉属（Taeniura）

尖吻𫚉属(Telatrygon)

尖吻土𫚉 Telatrygon acutirostra
印尼尖吻𫚉 Telatrygon biasa
印度尖吻𫚉 Telatrygon crozieri
尖嘴𫚉 Telatrygon zugei

沙粒𫚉属（Urogymnus）

Urogymnus acanthobothrium Last, White, Kyne, 2016^[11]
糙沙粒𫚉 Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
德利窄尾𫚉 Urogymnus dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008)
Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883)
Urogymnus lobistoma (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006)
南非沙粒𫚉 Urogymnus natalensis
多鳞沙粒𫚉 Urogymnus polylepis (Bleeker, 1852)：又称黄貂鱼、查菲窄尾𫚉。

特征

𫚉科鱼和鳐科鱼不同的地方是腰带中轴软骨是弯的，因此体盘中间圆滑的鼓起，不像鳐科鱼中间有一明显的鼓棱。𫚉科鱼体盘宽小于体盘的长，尾细长，较体常之左右径为长。尾部上方具有毒强棘1枚，平扁，有向下之锯齿。口底乳突长短不一。𫚉鱼尾部的刺有剧毒，一旦被刺伤会有强烈的疼痛，如果患者拖太久没送医急救可能会危及生命，在海边逗𫚉鱼玩不慎被刺伤的话要马上泡热水防止毒性导致心脏衰竭，并且赶紧就医观察6小时。^{[来源请求]}

生态

本科鱼类广泛分布于全球各大洋及河流，有些具有地域性；大部分为海水鱼，有时见于河口，一部分则生活于南美洲、非洲及东南亚淡水水域。活动力差，通常将身体埋于沙泥中，仅露出双眼和呼吸孔，或利用胸鳍做波浪状的运动而贴游于底层水域。属肉食性，以小鱼、甲壳类及软体动物为食；卵胎生。

经济利用

食用鱼，但味道较腥，以红烧为宜，或当作下杂鱼处理；鱼皮可制成各种皮带、皮包等用品。

参考文献

FishBase
台湾鱼类数据库（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1]
M Puckridge, PR Last, WT White and N Andreakis (2012) Phylogeography of the Indo-West Pacific maskrays (Dasyatidae, Neotrygon): a complex example of chondrichthyan radiation in the Cenozoic. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.448.
[2]
李思忠，《黄河鱼类志：黄河鱼类专著及鱼类学文选》（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），水产出版社，2015年，ISBN 9789578596771；中国海洋大学出版社，2017年，ISBN 9787567015371。
[3]
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2006). Urogymnus dalyensis. FishBase. Version 2006-04.
[4]
Peter R. Last, Simon Weigmann and Gavin J. P. Naylor. 2024. The Indo-Pacific Stingray Genus Brevitrygon (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae): Clarification of Historical Names and Description of a New Species, B. manjajiae sp. nov., from the Western Indian Ocean. Diversity. 15(12), 1213. DOI: 10.3390/d15121213
[5]
Philippe Borsa, Irma S. Arlyza, Thierry B. Hoareau and Kang-Ning Shen. 2017. Diagnostic Description and Geographic Distribution of Four New Cryptic Species of the Blue-spotted Maskray Species Complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae; Neotrygon spp.) based on DNA Sequences. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-018-7056-2
[6]
Peter R. Last, William T. White and Bernard Séret. 2016. Taxonomic Status of Maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the Description of Three New species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa. 4083(4); 533-561. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
[7]
Annam Pavan-Kumar, Rajan Kumar and Philippe Borsa. 2017. Neotrygon indica sp. nov., the Indian-Ocean Blue-spotted Maskray (Myliobatoidei, Dasyatidae). bioRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/179911
[8]
Peter R. Last, William T. White and Melody Puckridge. 2010. Neotrygon ningalooensis n. sp. (Myliobatoidei, Dasyatidae), A New Maskray from Australia. aqua: International Journal of Ichthyology. 16(2): 37–50.
[9]
Philippe Borsa. 2017. Neotrygon vali (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae), A New Blue-spotted Maskray from the Solomon Archipelago Described from Its DNA Barcode. bioRxiv preprint. DOI: 10.1101/106682
[10]
Marcelo R. de Carvalho and Maíra Ragno. 2010. An Unusual, Dwarf New Species of Neotropical Freshwater Stingray, Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., from the Upper and Mid Amazon Basin: The Second Species of Plesiotrygon (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). 51(7):101-138. DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492011000700001
[11]
Peter R Last, William T White, Peter M Kyne. 2016. Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., A New Euryhaline Whipray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa. 4147(2); DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.4

参照

鲼科

外部连线

[FB-1] [1]
M Puckridge, PR Last, WT White and N Andreakis (2012) Phylogeography of the Indo-West Pacific maskrays (Dasyatidae, Neotrygon): a complex example of chondrichthyan radiation in the Cenozoic. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.448.

[Fishes_YR-2] [2]
李思忠，《黄河鱼类志：黄河鱼类专著及鱼类学文选》（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），水产出版社，2015年，ISBN 9789578596771；中国海洋大学出版社，2017年，ISBN 9787567015371。

[3] [3]
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2006). Urogymnus dalyensis. FishBase. Version 2006-04.

[4] [4]
Peter R. Last, Simon Weigmann and Gavin J. P. Naylor. 2024. The Indo-Pacific Stingray Genus Brevitrygon (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae): Clarification of Historical Names and Description of a New Species, B. manjajiae sp. nov., from the Western Indian Ocean. Diversity. 15(12), 1213. DOI: 10.3390/d15121213

[Borsa-5] [5]
Philippe Borsa, Irma S. Arlyza, Thierry B. Hoareau and Kang-Ning Shen. 2017. Diagnostic Description and Geographic Distribution of Four New Cryptic Species of the Blue-spotted Maskray Species Complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae; Neotrygon spp.) based on DNA Sequences. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-018-7056-2

[Last-6] [6]
Peter R. Last, William T. White and Bernard Séret. 2016. Taxonomic Status of Maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the Description of Three New species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa. 4083(4); 533-561. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5

[7] [7]
Annam Pavan-Kumar, Rajan Kumar and Philippe Borsa. 2017. Neotrygon indica sp. nov., the Indian-Ocean Blue-spotted Maskray (Myliobatoidei, Dasyatidae). bioRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/179911

[8] [8]
Peter R. Last, William T. White and Melody Puckridge. 2010. Neotrygon ningalooensis n. sp. (Myliobatoidei, Dasyatidae), A New Maskray from Australia. aqua: International Journal of Ichthyology. 16(2): 37–50.

[9] [9]
Philippe Borsa. 2017. Neotrygon vali (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae), A New Blue-spotted Maskray from the Solomon Archipelago Described from Its DNA Barcode. bioRxiv preprint. DOI: 10.1101/106682

[10] [10]
Marcelo R. de Carvalho and Maíra Ragno. 2010. An Unusual, Dwarf New Species of Neotropical Freshwater Stingray, Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., from the Upper and Mid Amazon Basin: The Second Species of Plesiotrygon (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). 51(7):101-138. DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492011000700001

[11] [11]
Peter R Last, William T White, Peter M Kyne. 2016. Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., A New Euryhaline Whipray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa. 4147(2); DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.4

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