舌形动物类

舌形动物类（学名：Pentastomida），又称五口动物类，是动物界的一个分类。属于无脊椎动物，介乎于环节动物和节肢动物之间，均为寄生性动物。其特征是体软、扁而长，无色，透明，无足。身长从数毫米到十数厘米，体表分近百个清晰的节段，内部却并不分节。舌形动物均为雌雄异体的专性寄生物^[2]：牠们的身体没有呼吸系统、排泄系统（英语：Excretory system）和循环系统，虫体前端口部突出，呈椭圆形，周围有两对可伸缩的钩，用以附着在寄主组织上。 本物种的名称是因为从其部分物种的外型酷似脊椎动物的舌头，因而为名；而其学名及另一名称“五口动物”的来源，则是因为其口器的五个钩，好像有五个口一样，因而为名。这五个“钩”，其实只有一个是真的口器、其余四个只是颚足。过往由于对本分类物种的分类不明，单单从外形来判断，所以将其归类到门一层。后来到了2001年，研究证据显示五口动物实为退化了的寄生性节肢动物，本物种生物跟其他物种的关系得到确认，所以被降至归入成为颚足纲的一员，是为舌形亚纲^[3]。随着颚足动物的分类被重组，舌形亚纲亦被重新分类，成为了寡甲总纲鱼介形纲的成员^[4][5][6][7]。

舌形亚纲 化石时期：511–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 寒武纪-现代
一只雌性的Linguatula serrata
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门：	甲壳亚门 Crustacea
纲：	鱼介形纲 Ichthyostraca
亚纲：	舌形亚纲 Pentastomida Diesing（英语：K. M. Diesing）, 1836
目[1]
头行目 Cephalobaenida 孔头舌虫目 Porocephalida Raillietiellida Reighardiida

现时本分类有物种约130个^[8]，皆为被动式寄生物，其部分解剖结果为退化性。成年的舌虫长约1至14厘米（0.4至5.5英寸） ，多数于宿主的呼吸系统黏付着。

分类

以下为这是马丁和戴维斯在2001年成立的分类^[9]，将五口动物置于甲壳亚门颚足纲。以下包含现存的目、超科、科、属和种^[1]：

Armillifer armillatus Wyman, 1848, a 4 cm individual collected from the respiratory system of a python, Python sebae. Specimen deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

Female (right) and male (left) Armillifer sp.

• 头行目 Cephalobaenida Heymons, 1935

• Cephalobaenidae Heymons, 1922

• Cephalobaena Heymons, 1922

• Cephalobaena tetrapoda Heymons, 1922

• 孔头舌虫目 Porocephalida^[10]

• Linguatuloidea

• Linguatulidae Haldeman, 1851

• Linguatula Frölich, 1789

• Linguatula arctica Riley, Haugerud & Nilssen, 1987
• Linguatula multiannulata Haffner & Rack in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969
• Linguatula recurvata (Diesing, 1850)
• Linguatula serrata Frölich, 1789

• Neolinguatula Haffner & Rack in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969

• Neolinguatula nuttalli (Sambon, 1922)

• Subtriquetridae Fain, 1961

• Subtriquetra Sambon, 1922

• Subtriquetra megacephalum (Baird, 1853)
• Subtriquetra rileyi Junker, Boomker & Booyse, 1998
• Subtriquetra shipleyi Hett, 1924
• Subtriquetra subtriquetra (Diesing, 1836)

• 孔头舌虫总科 Porocephaloidea

• 孔头舌虫科 Porocephalidae Sambon, 1922

• 舌虫属 Armillifer Sambon, 1922

• Armillifer aborealis Riley & Self, 1981
• Armillifer agkistrodontis Self & Kuntz, 1966
• Armillifer armillatus (Wyman, 1845)
• Armillifer australis Heymons, 1935
• Armillifer grandis (Hett, 1915)
• Armillifer mazzai (Sambon, 1922)
• Armillifer moniliformis (Diesing, 1836)
• Armillifer yoshidai Kishida, 1928

• Cubirea Kishida, 1928

• Cubirea annulata (Baird, 1853)
• Cubirea pomeroyi (Woodland, 1921)

• Elenia Heymons, 1932

• Elenia australis Heymons, 1932

• Gigliolella Chabaud & Choquet, 1954

• Gigliolella brumpti (Giglioli, 1922)

• Kiricephalus Sambon, 1922

• Kiricephalus clelii Riley & Self, 1980
• Kiricephalus coarctatus (Diesing, 1850)
• Kiricephalus constrictor Riley & Self, 1980
• Kiricephalus gabonensis Riley & Self, 1980
• Kiricephalus pattoni (Stephens, 1908)
• Kiricephalus tortus (Shipley, 1898)

• Parasambonia Stunkard & Gandal, 1968

• Parasambonia bridgesi Stunkard & Gandal, 1968
• Parasambonia minor Riley & Self, 1982

• Porocephalus Humboldt, 1812

• Porocephalus basiliscus Riley & Self, 1979
• Porocephalus benoiti Fain, 1960
• Porocephalus bifurcatus
• Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845)
• Porocephalus crotali Humboldt, 1812
• Porocephalus dominicana Riley & Walters, 1980
• Porocephalus stilesi Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910
• Porocephalus subuliferum (Leuckart, 1860)
• Porocephalus taiwana Qiu, Ma, Fan & Lu, 2005
• Porocephalus tortugensis Riley & Self, 1979

• Waddycephalus Sambon, 1922

• Waddycephalus calligaster Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus komodoensis Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus longicauda Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus porphyriacus Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus punctulatus Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus radiata Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus scutata Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus superbus Riley & Self, 1981
• Waddycephalus teretiusculus (Baird, 1862)
• Waddycephalus vitiensis Heymons, 1932

• Sebekidae Sambon, 1922

• Alofia Giglioli in Sambon, 1922

• Alofia ginae Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
• Alofia indica (von Linstow, 1906)
• Alofia merki Giglioli 'in Sambon, 1922
• Alofia nilotici Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
• Alofia parva Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
• Alofia platycephalum (Lohrmann, 1889)
• Alofia simpsoni Riley, 1994
• Alofia travassosi (Heymons, 1932)

• Diesingia Sambon, 1922

• Diesingia kachugensis (Shipley, 1910)
• Diesingia megastomum (Diesing, 1836)

• Selfia Riley, 1994

• Selfia porosus Riley, 1994

• Leiperia Sambon, 1922

• Leiperia australiensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1996
• Leiperia cincinnalis (Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
• Leiperia gracilis (Diesing, 1836)

• Sambonia Noc & Giglioli, 1922

• Sambonia clavata (Lohrmann, 1889)
• Sambonia parapodum Self & Kuntz, 1966
• Sambonia solomenensis (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
• Sambonia varani (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
• Sambonia wardi (Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910)

• Agema Riley et al., 1997

• Agema silvaepalustris Riley et al., 1997

• Pelonia Junker & Boomker, 2002

• Pelonia africana Junker & Boomker, 2002

• Sebekia Sambon, 1922

• Sebekia cesarisi Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
• Sebekia divestei Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
• Sebekia johnstoni Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
• Sebekia microhamus Self & Rego, 1985
• Sebekia minor (Wedl, 1861)
• Sebekia mississippiensis Overstreet, Self & Vliet, 1985
• Sebekia multiannulata Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
• Sebekia novaeguineae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
• Sebekia okavangoensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
• Sebekia oxycephalum (Diesing, 1836)
• Sebekia purdieae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
• Sebekia trinitatis Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990

• Raillietiellida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999

• Raillietiellidae Sambon, 1922

• Raillietiella Sambon, 1910

• Raillietiella aegypti Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
• Raillietiella affinis Bovien, 1927
• Raillietiella agcoi Tubangui & Masiluñgan, 1936
• Raillietiella ampanihyensis Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962
• Raillietiella amphiboluri Mahon, 1954
• Raillietiella belohaensis McAllister, Riley, Freed & Freed, 1993
• Raillietiella bicaudata Heymons & Vitzthum, 1935
• Raillietiella boulengeri (Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
• Raillietiella bufonis Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
• Raillietiella cartagenensis Ali, Riley & Self, 1985
• Raillietiella chamaeleonis Gretillat & Brygoo, 1959
• Raillietiella colubrilineati (Leuckart, 1860)
• Raillietiella congolensis Fain, 1961
• Raillietiella crotali Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
• Raillietiella freitasi (Motta & Gomes, 1968)
• Raillietiella furcocercum (Diesing, 1836)
• Raillietiella gehyrae Bovien, 1927
• Raillietiella gigliolii Hett, 1924
• Raillietiella gowrii Rajalu & Rajendran, 1970
• Raillietiella hebitihamata Self & Kuntz, 1960
• Raillietiella hemidactyli Hett, 1934
• Raillietiella indica Gedoelst, 1921
• Raillietiella kochi Heymons, 1926
• Raillietiella mabuiae Heymons, 1922
• Raillietiella maculatus Rao & Hiregaudar, 1962
• Raillietiella maculilabris Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
• Raillietiella madagascariensis McAllister et al., 1993
• Raillietiella mediterranea (Hett, 1915)
• Raillietiella monarchus Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
• Raillietiella morenoi Abreu-Acosta et al., 2006
• Raillietiella mottae Almeida, Freire & Lopes, 2008
• Raillietiella namibiensis Riley & Heideman 1998
• Raillietiella orientalis (Hett, 1915)
• Raillietiella piscator Nair, 1967
• Raillietiella rileyi Krishnasamy et al., 1995
• Raillietiella schoutedeni Fain, 1960
• Raillietiella scincoides Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
• Raillietiella spiralis Hett, 1924
• Raillietiella teagueselfi Riley, McAllister & Freed, 1988
• Raillietiella tetrapoda (Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962)
• Raillietiella trachea Riley, Oaks & Gilbert, 2003
• Raillietiella venteli (Motta, 1965)

• Yelirella Spratt, 2010

• Yelirella petauri (Spratt, 2010)

• Reighardiida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999

• Reighardiidae Heymons, 1926

• Hispania Martínez et al., 2004

• Hispania vulturis Martínez et al., 2004

• Reighardia Ward, 1899

• Reighardia lomviae Dyck, 1975
• Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864)

参考文献

1. Boxshall, Geoff. Pentastomida. WoRMS. 2013 [2013-05-13].
2. Chen, Shao-Hong; Liu, Qin; Zhang, Yong-Nian; Chen, Jia-Xu; Li, Hao; Chen, Ying; Steinmann, Peter; Zhou, Xiao-Nong. Multi-host Model-Based Identification of Armillifer agkistrodontis (Pentastomida), a New Zoonotic Parasite from China. 2010-04-06 [2019-02-10]. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000647. （原始内容存档于2019-12-13） （英语）.
3. Lavrov, Dennis V.; Brown, Wesley M.; Boore, Jeffrey L. Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 7 March 2004, 271 (1538): 537–544. PMC 1691615 . PMID 15129965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631.
4. Boxshall, Geoff. Crustacea. WoRMS. 2015-05-05 [2019-02-09].
5. Boxshall, Geoff. Oligostraca. WoRMS. 2017-09-04 [2019-02-09].
6. Boxshall, Geoff. Ichthyostraca. WoRMS. 2017-09-04 [2019-02-09] –通过WoRMS.
7. Zrzavý, J., Hypša, V. & Vlášková, M. Fortey, R.A. & Thomas, R.H. , 编. Arthropod phylogeny: taxonomic congruence, total evidence and conditional combination approaches to morphological and molecular data sets. Systematics Association (London: Chapman & Hall). 1997,. Special Volume series 55: pp.97–107. 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
8. Waloszek, Dieter; Repetski, John E.; Maas, Andreas. A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 2005, 96: 163–176. doi:10.1017/S0263593300001280 （英语）.
9. Martin, J. W.; Davis, G. E. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2001: 132 pp [2014-08-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-12） （英语）.
10. 李健、石云良、施维、方芳、周庆安、李雯雯、何国声、黄维义. 扫描电镜观察猴体内寄生的蛇舌状虫属若虫及基于其 18S rRNA 基因的种系发育关系分析 (PDF). 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志. 2012-04, 30 (2) [2019-02-08] （中文（简体））.

参看

• 舌形虫病或人舌形虫病

外部链接

• 维基物种上的相关信息：舌形动物类