守贞教育,又称婚前守贞教育、纯洁教育、唯禁欲性教育(英语:Abstinence-only sex education),是性教育的一种形式,其会教育学生不要进行发生婚姻以外的性行为,并以负面角度形容发生婚前性行为及女性进行堕胎后的后果。它一般不会像综合性性教育般教授学生有关预防性病、安全性行为及避孕般的知识。
一项对美国48个州份进行的研究表明:“禁欲教育的盛行率与青少年怀孕率或生产率呈正相关[17]。”另外根据约翰·桑泰利(John S. Santelli)的研究,1995 --2002年期间青少年怀孕率下降的主要原因是避孕方式得到改善,18岁-19岁组之间的怀孕风险下降可完全归因于避孕措施更为盛行[18]。
总统防治艾滋病紧急救援计划(英语:President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)是美国政府为打击全球艾滋病蔓延所提出来的计划[41]。其与全球22个国家的政府皆有合作关系,旨在一同制定预防HIV和改善患者生活的可持续计划[42],并为其余国家提供资金,以帮助防治艾滋病蔓延。其对受资助者设立资格限制,并提供一定的指导。该救援计划大力推广一套称为“ABC”的艾滋病预防方法——禁欲(Abstain)、忠诚(Be faithful)以及使用避孕套(use Condoms)。合资格的受资助国家可向15岁以上的青少年提供关于避孕套的信息,但不能够以那些资金推广或购入它,且不能向低于15岁者提供相关信息[43] 。这背后的原因在于尽管现有证据表明避孕套不会导致性滥交,但不鼓励人们发生性行为[44]。设救援计划自2003年成立以来便一直把33%的资金投放于守贞教育上,直到2008年政权变更才有所减少——起码节省了50%投放于守贞教育的开支[45]。救援计划的合作伙伴也一直处于争议中心。2006年,23%的社区合作伙伴是以忠诚为其预防重心,且“美国政府应否为这些组织继续提供资金”这一点亦引起不少争议[46]。包括莫桑比克和卢旺达在内,一些接受计划资助的国家对美国以忠诚、禁欲为重点的预防教育感到厌恶[46]。人权组织对此一救援计划启动后全球避孕套使用量减少的情况表示关注[47]。
Ott, MA; Santelli, JS. Abstinence and abstinence-only education. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007, 19 (5): 446–52. PMID 17885460. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b. Abstinence-only curricula have been found to contain scientifically inaccurate information, distorting data on topics such as condom efficacy, and promote gender stereotypes. An independent evaluation of the federal program, several systematic reviews, and cohort data from population-based surveys find little evidence of efficacy and evidence of possible harm.
Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen. The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. 2010: 186 [2011-10-08]. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).
Petrova, D; Garcia-Retamero, R. Effective Evidence-Based Programs For Preventing Sexually-Transmitted Infections: A Meta-Analysis.. Current HIV Research. 2015, 13 (5): 432–8. PMID 26149164. doi:10.2174/1570162x13666150511143943.
Kirby, Douglas B. The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 2008, 5 (3): 18–27. doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.3.18.
Johnson, Blair T.; Scott-Sheldon, Lori A. J.; Huedo-Medina, Tania B.; Carey, Michael P. Interventions to Reduce Sexual Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2011-01-01, 165 (1): 77–84. PMID 21199984. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.251.
Santelli, John S.; Speizer, Ilene S.; Edelstein, Zoe R. Abstinence promotion under PEPFAR: The shifting focus of HIV prevention for youth. Global Public Health. 2013, 8 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1080/17441692.2012.759609.
Luker, Kristin. When Sex Goes To School: Warring Views On Sex - And Sex Education - Since The Sixties. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 2007: 102–105. ISBN 978-0-393-06089-8.
Douglas Kirby, Ph. D.: Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001.Homepage of the study. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
Journal of Adolescent Health: Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 83–87 (January 2006): Abstinence-only education policies and programs: A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine: John Santelli, M.D., M.P.H.a, Mary A. Ott, M.D.b, Maureen Lyon, Ph.D.c, Jennifer Rogers, M.P.H.d, Daniel Summers, M.D.e http://www.jahonline.org/article/PIIS1054139X05002764/fulltext - "abstinence-until-marriage programs discriminate against gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and questioning youth, as federal law limits the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples."
United States Ignorance Only Hiv/aids, Human Rights and Federally Funded Abstinence-only Programs in the United States Texas: a Case Study; Human Rights Watch, September 2002, Vol. 14, No. 5(G)., Page 39.
Nancy D. Polikoff, Beyond straight and gay marriage: valuing all families under the law; Politics, Culture and Society Series, Beacon Press, 2008 ISBN0-8070-4432-6, ISBN978-0-8070-4432-2
Debran Rowland, The boundaries of her body: the troubling history of women's rights in America, SphinxLegal, 2004, ISBN1-57248-368-7, ISBN978-1-57248-368-2
Wilkerson, A. I Want to Hold Your Hand: Abstinence Curricula, Bioethics, and the Silencing of Desire. Journal of Medical Humanities. 2013, 34: 101–108. PMID 23468394. doi:10.1007/s10912-013-9213-0.