科斯定理（英语：Coase theorem），描叙一个经济体系内部的资源配置与产出，在外部性存在的情形下，其经济效率所可能受到的影响。这个理论由诺贝尔经济学奖得主罗纳德·科斯在1960年代的论文中提出。乔治·斯蒂格勒在1966年出版的经济学教科书中，首次将他的见解进行归纳，并被后人称为科斯定理，事实上他不曾使用过科斯定理一词，或者定义他们可以自己解决外部性问题。
其核心思想是交易成本。《新帕尔格雷夫经济学词典》中由罗伯特·库特对“科斯定理”的解释。他写道：“从强调交易成本解释的角度说，科斯定理可以描述如下：只要交易成本等于零，法定权利（即产权）的初始配置并不影响效率。”
定理
科斯是在考虑无线电广播频率时发展出科斯定理的。两家广播电台假如在同一个频段广播，便可能互相干扰，而管理者则必须将各个频段以最有效率的方式分配给不同的广播电台，从而消除电台之间的干扰。科斯的定理认为，只要对频率的产权界定清楚，那么无论频率在初始阶段如何分配，市场最终都会达到最有效率的状态。过程如下：在两家存在争议的电台之间，从争议频段中可以获得更大利益的电台甲假如对该频段没有产权，他也有足够的诱因向另一家电台乙购买或租用该频段的使用权，因为甲为了拿到频段而愿意付出的金额必定大于乙为了放弃频段而愿意接受的金额。因此，频段的初始分配会影响到两家电台的盈亏状况，却改变不了频段达到最有效率的分配状态的必然结果。
以上的情况，只有在没有交易成本的情况下才成立，而在交易成本存在的情况下，市场参与者之间的交易中便会出现阻碍。比如在以上的例子当中，甲为了拿到频段而愿意出的金额当中，有一部分必须作为甲乙双方的交易成本（如谈判费、诉讼费等）被扣除，余下的数量或许就不足以为了放弃频段而愿意接受的金额，甲可能就争取不到对该频段的使用权，市场就无法达到最有效率的状况。因此，在分配产权时，分配者应该尽量减低有可能出现的交易成本，使市场参与者能够进行交易，这样市场才能够达到有效率的最终状态。
参考文献
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- Coase, Ronald H. The Nature of the Firm. Economica. 1937, 4 (16): 386–405. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x.
- ———. The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics. 1960, 3 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1086/466560.
- Conway v. O'Brien, 111 F.2d 611 (2d Cir. 1940).
- Ellingsen, Tore; Paltseva, Elena (2016-04-01). "Confining the Coase Theorem: Contracting, Ownership, and Free-Riding". The Review of Economic Studies. 83 (2): 547–586. doi:10.1093/restud/rdw001
- Farnsworth, Ward (1999-01-01). "Do Parties to Nuisance Cases Bargain after Judgment? A Glimpse inside the Cathedral". The University of Chicago Law Review. 66 (2): 373–436. doi:10.2307/1600470.
- Gjerdingen, Donald. The Coase Theorem and the Psychology of Common-Law Thought. Southern California Law Review. 1983, 56: 711.
- Gilles, Stephen G. The Invisible Hand Formula. Virginia Law Review. 1994, 80 (5): 1015–1054. JSTOR 1073624. doi:10.2307/1073624.
- Gruber, Jonathan (2016). Public Finance and Public Policy. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464143335
- Hahnel, Robin; Sheeran, Kristen A. Misinterpreting the Coase Theorem. Journal of Economic Issues. 2009, 43 (1): 215–238. doi:10.2753/JEI0021-3624430110.
- Halpin, Andrew. Disproving the Coase Theorem?. Economics & Philosophy. 2007, 23 (3): 321–341. doi:10.1017/S0266267107001514.
- Harris, Seth D. Coase's Paradox and the Inefficiency of Permanent Strike Replacements. Washington University Law Quarterly. 2002, 80: 1185 [2021-01-30]. doi:10.2139/ssrn.372800. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.
- Merrill, Thomas W.; Smith, Henry E. Property: Principles and Policies. University Casebook Series 3rd. St. Paul: Foundation Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-62810-102-7.
- Posner, Richard. A Theory of Negligence. Journal of Legal Studies. 1972, 1 (1): 29–96. doi:10.1086/467478.
- Roumasset, James. Sharecropping, Production Externalities, and the Theory of Contracts. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 1979, 61 (4): 640–647. JSTOR 1239911. doi:10.2307/1239911.
- Thaler, Richard (2015). Misbehaving. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0393352795
- United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169.
- Wright, Richard W. Hand, Posner, and the Myth of the 'Hand Formula'. Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 2003, 4: 145. doi:10.2139/ssrn.362800.
延伸阅读
- Akee, R. Checkerboards and Coase: The Effect of Property Institutions on Efficiency in Housing Markets. Journal of Law and Economics] volume = 52. 2009, (2): 395–410. doi:10.1086/592718.
- Hurwicz, Leonid. What is the Coase Theorem?. Japan and the World Economy. May 1995, 7 (1): 49–74. doi:10.1016/0922-1425(94)00038-U.
- Lee, Timothy. "The Coase Theorem is widely cited in economics. Ronald Coase hated it". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- Medema, Steven G. 2020. "The Coase Theorem at Sixty （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Journal of Economic Literature, 58 (4): 1045-1128.
- Schweizer, Urs (1988). "Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Hypothesis or Result?". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE). 144 (2): 245–266.
- Rosenkranz, Stephanie; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2007). "Can Coasean Bargaining Justify Pigouvian Taxation?". Economica. 74 (296): 573–585. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00556.x. ISSN 1468-0335.
- Robson, Alexander; Skaperdas, Stergios (2005). "Costly enforcement of property rights and the Coase theorem". The Australian National University.
参阅
外部链接
- 崔之元：〈科斯定理：真知灼见还是同义反复？〉 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（1993）
- 知乎：“舍友睡觉影响了我用音响听歌”这句话怎样分析界定？ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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