碳中性燃料

碳中性燃料（Carbon-neutral fuel）或称为碳中和燃料，是不产生净温室气体排放或碳足迹的燃料。实际上，这通常意味着使用二氧化碳（CO₂）作为原材料制造的燃料。目前拟议的碳中性燃料大致可分为合成燃料（Synthetic fuel）和生物燃料（Biofuel），碳中性燃料中的合成燃料是通过化学方式将二氧化碳加氢制成的，生物燃料是通过光合作用等自然消耗二氧化碳的过程产生的^[1]。

合成燃料所需要的二氧化碳可以是直接空气捕获、从烟道气或尾气中回收、或是从海水中的碳酸来产生。常见的合成燃料包括有氨和甲烷^[2]，不过目前也已人工合成更复杂的碳氢化物，像是汽油及航空煤油^[3]。这些燃料除了可以碳中和外，也可以减轻进口石化燃料的成本以及依赖性问题，也不需要在汽车上进行电动化，或是再转换为氢气或是其他燃料，可以制造有相容性，成本可以负荷的车辆^[4]。为了达到真正的碳中性，过程所需要的能源也要是碳中性或是零碳排放的，像是可再生能源或是核能^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]。

假如碳中性燃料燃烧后的尾气再进行碳捕集，会得到负二氧化碳排放，是温室气体修复（greenhouse gas remediation）的方法之一。目前普遍认为负排放是限制全球暖化措施中，不可缺少的一部分，不过以目前的负排放技术，在成本上还不适合企业来进行^[9]。负碳排放燃料可能会在碳信用（英语：Carbon offsets and credits）中扮演重要角色^[10]。

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[1]
Trakimavičius, Lukas. Synthetic fuels can bolster energy security in the Baltic region. EurActiv. October 6, 2021 [October 12, 2021]. （原始内容存档于October 6, 2021）.
[2]
Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas
[3]
Air Fuel Synthesis shows petrol from air has future. [2019-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）.
[4]
Pearson, R.J.; Eisaman, M.D.; et al. Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO₂, Water, and Renewable Energy (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 2012, 100 (2): 440–60 [September 7, 2012]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.8746 . S2CID 3560886. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于May 8, 2013）. (Review.)
[5]
Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. Carbon neutral hydrocarbons (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2008, 366 (1882): 3901–18 [September 7, 2012]. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3901Z. PMID 18757281. S2CID 2055798. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于May 25, 2013）. (Review.)
[6]
Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong. Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chemical Society Reviews. 2011, 40 (7): 3703–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.666.7435 . PMID 21505692. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. (Review.)
[7]
MacDowell, Niall; et al. An overview of CO₂ capture technologies (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 2010, 3 (11): 1645–69 [2019-07-16]. doi:10.1039/C004106H. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-11）. (Review.)
[8]
Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Energy and Environmental Science. 2012, 5 (6): 7346–52 [July 6, 2013]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8497 . doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. （原始内容存档于November 23, 2021）.
[9]
McKie, Robin. Carbon capture is vital to meeting climate goals, scientists tell green critics. The Guardian. 2021-01-16 [2021-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.
[10]
Mathews, John A. Carbon-negative biofuels; 6:The role of carbon credits. Energy Policy. March 2008, 36 (3): 940–945. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.029.

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Doty Windfuels （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Columbia, South Carolina)
Cost Model for US Navy Zero Carbon Nuclear Synfuel Process 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-05-13. spreadsheet by John Morgan (January 2013; source （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
Interview with Kathy Lewis of the US Naval Research Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Template:新兴技术

[1] [1]
Trakimavičius, Lukas. Synthetic fuels can bolster energy security in the Baltic region. EurActiv. October 6, 2021 [October 12, 2021]. （原始内容存档于October 6, 2021）.

[2] [2]
Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas

[3] [3]
Air Fuel Synthesis shows petrol from air has future. [2019-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）.

[Pearson2012-4] [4]
Pearson, R.J.; Eisaman, M.D.; et al. Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO₂, Water, and Renewable Energy (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 2012, 100 (2): 440–60 [September 7, 2012]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.8746 . S2CID 3560886. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于May 8, 2013）. (Review.)

[Zeman2008-5] [5]
Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. Carbon neutral hydrocarbons (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2008, 366 (1882): 3901–18 [September 7, 2012]. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3901Z. PMID 18757281. S2CID 2055798. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于May 25, 2013）. (Review.)

[Wang2012-6] [6]
Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong. Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chemical Society Reviews. 2011, 40 (7): 3703–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.666.7435 . PMID 21505692. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. (Review.)

[MacDowell2010-7] [7]
MacDowell, Niall; et al. An overview of CO₂ capture technologies (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 2010, 3 (11): 1645–69 [2019-07-16]. doi:10.1039/C004106H. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-11）. (Review.)

[Eisaman2012-8] [8]
Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Energy and Environmental Science. 2012, 5 (6): 7346–52 [July 6, 2013]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8497 . doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. （原始内容存档于November 23, 2021）.

[9] [9]
McKie, Robin. Carbon capture is vital to meeting climate goals, scientists tell green critics. The Guardian. 2021-01-16 [2021-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.

[10] [10]
Mathews, John A. Carbon-negative biofuels; 6:The role of carbon credits. Energy Policy. March 2008, 36 (3): 940–945. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.029.

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碳中性燃料

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碳中性燃料

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