犹太复国主义实体

犹太复国主义实体（阿拉伯语：الكيان الصهيوني‎）是对以色列有敌意的阿拉伯人^[1]^[2]^[3]、穆斯林^[4]^[5]和其他人士对以色列国的贬称。^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]该词的使用者示意以色列国并不合法，拒绝承认以色列是一个国家^[11]^[6]，表明以色列是由外来殖民者非法建立的政权，而且该词的使用者还认为锡安主义这一意识形态是以种族歧视和种族主义为中心^[12]^[13]。另外这个词主要针对的是以色列国而非犹太人^[14]^[13]。

使用

阿拉伯媒体

1967年之前，阿拉伯人和阿拉伯媒体一直用“犹太复国主义实体”来指代以色列^[6] ，例如1960年代和1970年代，埃及、叙利亚和约旦的官方广播就用这一词汇指代以色列。 ^[15] 此后埃及的报纸^[16]^[17]、叙利亚的国有媒体^[18]、黎巴嫩的Al-Manar（英语：Al-Manar）^[19]以及约旦媒体继续使用该词称呼以色列^[20]。法国的地中海电台（Radio Méditerranée）电台从不正面称呼以色列而是一直用该词称呼以色列。该电台的听众主要是阿拉伯裔法国人。^[21]

政治

一些阿拉伯国家以及阿拉伯世界的政治人物和知识分子也使用该词汇^[22]^[23]。某些阿拉伯国家（特别是伊拉克）甚至在国际文件中也使用该词汇^[24]。利比亚、叙利亚、伊拉克、也门的代表在联合国也会使用该词汇^[25]。在1980年代末的利比亚，该国规定只能使用“犹太复国主义实体”来指称以色列，禁止使用“以色列”或其他词汇指代以色列^[19]。此外伊朗（伊朗伊斯兰革命后）^[10]^[26]、真主党^[27]、圣城旅、哈马斯^[28]、巴勒斯坦伊斯兰圣战运动、巴勒斯坦民族权力机构和巴勒斯坦解放组织也使用这一词汇。在戴维营协议和巴勒斯坦解放组织承认以色列后巴勒斯坦解放组织使用该词的频率一度有所减少^[29]，但后来又逐渐增多。

其他

爱德华·萨义德表示，阿拉伯裔以色列人与其他巴勒斯坦人的区别之一是，前者认为以色列是一个真正的国家，而不是犹太复国主义实体。^[30]

参见

盎格鲁-撒克逊人 (委婉语)

参考文献

[1]
珍妮·柯克帕特里克. Legitimacy and Force: Natural and International Dimensions. Transaction Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-0-88738-647-3.
[2]
Cohen, Getzel M. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa. University of California Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-520-24148-0.
[3]
Raphael Israeli（英语：Raphael Israeli）. Poison: Modern Manifestations of a Blood Libel. Lexington Books. 2002. ISBN 978-0-7391-0208-4.
[4]
David Selbourne（英语：David Selbourne）. The Losing Battle with Islam. Prometheus Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59102-362-3.
[5]
Nüsse, Andrea. Muslim Palestine: The ideology of Hamas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998. ISBN 978-3-7186-5283-9.
[6]
Suleiman, Yasir. Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-974701-6.
[7]
Lassner, Jacob; Troen, S. Ilan. Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-5842-7.
[8]
Efraim Karsh（英语：Efraim Karsh）. Arafat's Grand Strategy. Middle East Forum. 2004 [2023-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-02）.
[9]
珍妮·柯克帕特里克. Legitimacy and Force: Natural and International Dimensions. Transaction Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-0-88738-647-3.
[10]
Jaspal, Rusi. Israel in the Iranian Media: Demonizing the "Zionist Regime" (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 1 January 2013, 7 (1): 77–86. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 55391947. doi:10.1080/23739770.2013.11446536. hdl:2086/8025.
[11]
Avi Beker（英语：Avi Beker）. The United Nations and Israel: From Recognition to Reprehension. Lexington Books. 1988. ISBN 978-0-669-16652-1.
[12]
Rashid Khalidi（英语：Rashid Khalidi）. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. Columbia University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-231-15075-0.
[13]
Gray, Matthew. Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World. Taylor & Francis. 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-57518-8.
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阿摩司·奥兹. Under this Blazing Light. Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-521-44367-8.
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Joshua Muravchik（英语：Joshua Muravchik）. The Next Founders: Voices of Democracy in the Middle East. Encounter Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59403-232-5.
[17]
Lindquist, Torkel. A War of Words, from Lod to Twin Towers: Defining Terrorism in Arab and Israeli Newspapers 1972-1996. Uppsala Universitet. 2003. ISBN 978-91-554-5591-0.
[18]
朱迪思·米勒. God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Simon & Schuster. 1997. ISBN 978-0-684-83228-9.
[19]
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[20]
Terrill, W. Andrew. Global Security Watch—Jordan. ABC-CLIO. 2010. ISBN 978-0-313-36619-2.
[21]
Robert S. Wistrich（英语：Robert S. Wistrich）. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. Random House. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9.
[22]
Humphreys, R. Stephen. Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age. University of California Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-520-24691-1.
[23]
Raphael Patai（英语：Raphael Patai）; Patai, Jennifer. The Myth of a Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8143-1948-2.
[24]
Lutz, Edzard. Language as a Medium of Legal Norms: Implications of the use of Arabic as a Language in the United Nations system. Duncker & Humblot. 1998. ISBN 978-3-428-09307-6.
[25]
Liskofsky, Sidney; Donna E. Arzt. Incitement to National, Racial, and Religious Hatred in United Nations Fora. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-90-247-3646-1.
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Teitelbaum, Joshua. What Iranian Leaders Really Say about Doing Away with Israel: A Refutation of the Campaign to Excuse Ahmadinejad's Incitement to Genocide. Genocide Watch. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. [2023-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-03）.
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Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-53906-7.
[28]
Nüsse, Andrea. Muslim Palestine: The ideology of Hamas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998. ISBN 978-3-7186-5283-9.
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Jesse, Neal G.; Williams, Kristen P. Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach to Cases of Conflict. CQ Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-87289-492-1.
[30]
爱德华·萨义德; Jean Mohr（英语：Jean Mohr）. After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives. Columbia University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-231-11449-3.

[1] [1]
珍妮·柯克帕特里克. Legitimacy and Force: Natural and International Dimensions. Transaction Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-0-88738-647-3.

[2] [2]
Cohen, Getzel M. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa. University of California Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-520-24148-0.

[3] [3]
Raphael Israeli（英语：Raphael Israeli）. Poison: Modern Manifestations of a Blood Libel. Lexington Books. 2002. ISBN 978-0-7391-0208-4.

[4] [4]
David Selbourne（英语：David Selbourne）. The Losing Battle with Islam. Prometheus Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59102-362-3.

[5] [5]
Nüsse, Andrea. Muslim Palestine: The ideology of Hamas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998. ISBN 978-3-7186-5283-9.

[未命名-20231105164538-6] [6]
Suleiman, Yasir. Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-974701-6.

[7] [7]
Lassner, Jacob; Troen, S. Ilan. Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-5842-7.

[8] [8]
Efraim Karsh（英语：Efraim Karsh）. Arafat's Grand Strategy. Middle East Forum. 2004 [2023-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-02）.

[9] [9]
珍妮·柯克帕特里克. Legitimacy and Force: Natural and International Dimensions. Transaction Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-0-88738-647-3.

[Zionist_regime-10] [10]
Jaspal, Rusi. Israel in the Iranian Media: Demonizing the "Zionist Regime" (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 1 January 2013, 7 (1): 77–86. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 55391947. doi:10.1080/23739770.2013.11446536. hdl:2086/8025.

[11] [11]
Avi Beker（英语：Avi Beker）. The United Nations and Israel: From Recognition to Reprehension. Lexington Books. 1988. ISBN 978-0-669-16652-1.

[12] [12]
Rashid Khalidi（英语：Rashid Khalidi）. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. Columbia University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-231-15075-0.

[未命名_2-20231105164538-13] [13]
Gray, Matthew. Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World. Taylor & Francis. 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-57518-8.

[14] [14]
Tilley, Virginia Q. The One-state Solution. University of Michigan Press. 24 May 2005. ISBN 978-0-472-11513-6.

[15] [15]
阿摩司·奥兹. Under this Blazing Light. Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-521-44367-8.

[16] [16]
Joshua Muravchik（英语：Joshua Muravchik）. The Next Founders: Voices of Democracy in the Middle East. Encounter Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59403-232-5.

[17] [17]
Lindquist, Torkel. A War of Words, from Lod to Twin Towers: Defining Terrorism in Arab and Israeli Newspapers 1972-1996. Uppsala Universitet. 2003. ISBN 978-91-554-5591-0.

[18] [18]
朱迪思·米勒. God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Simon & Schuster. 1997. ISBN 978-0-684-83228-9.

[未命名_3-20231105164538-19] [19]
Victor, Barbara. Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers. Rodale, Inc. 2003. ISBN 978-1-57954-830-8.

[20] [20]
Terrill, W. Andrew. Global Security Watch—Jordan. ABC-CLIO. 2010. ISBN 978-0-313-36619-2.

[21] [21]
Robert S. Wistrich（英语：Robert S. Wistrich）. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. Random House. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9.

[22] [22]
Humphreys, R. Stephen. Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age. University of California Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-520-24691-1.

[23] [23]
Raphael Patai（英语：Raphael Patai）; Patai, Jennifer. The Myth of a Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8143-1948-2.

[24] [24]
Lutz, Edzard. Language as a Medium of Legal Norms: Implications of the use of Arabic as a Language in the United Nations system. Duncker & Humblot. 1998. ISBN 978-3-428-09307-6.

[25] [25]
Liskofsky, Sidney; Donna E. Arzt. Incitement to National, Racial, and Religious Hatred in United Nations Fora. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1988. ISBN 978-90-247-3646-1.

[regime3-26] [26]
Teitelbaum, Joshua. What Iranian Leaders Really Say about Doing Away with Israel: A Refutation of the Campaign to Excuse Ahmadinejad's Incitement to Genocide. Genocide Watch. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. [2023-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-03）.

[27] [27]
Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-53906-7.

[28] [28]
Nüsse, Andrea. Muslim Palestine: The ideology of Hamas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998. ISBN 978-3-7186-5283-9.

[29] [29]
Jesse, Neal G.; Williams, Kristen P. Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach to Cases of Conflict. CQ Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-87289-492-1.

[30] [30]
爱德华·萨义德; Jean Mohr（英语：Jean Mohr）. After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives. Columbia University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-231-11449-3.

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