毛马陆目

毛马陆目
	Polyxenus lagurus（英语：Polyxenus lagurus）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门：	多足亚门 Myriapoda
纲：	倍足纲 Diplopoda
亚纲：	毛尾马陆亚纲 Penicillata; Latrielle, 1831
目：	毛马陆目 Polyxenida; Verhoeff, 1934
科
	Hypogexenidae（英语：Hypogexenidae）; Lophoproctidae（英语：Lophoproctidae）; 毛马陆科（英语：Polyxenidae）; 合马陆科（英语：Synxenidae）;
异名
	亚目; Pselaphognatha Latzel, 1884; Schizocephala Verhoeff, 1926; 目; Ancyrotricha Cook, 1895

毛马陆目（学名：Polyxenida）为倍足纲下的一个目，最大的特征在于在柔软无钙化的外壳上布满了刚毛。毛马陆目下共有4科至少167种，也是毛尾马陆亚纲下唯一的现存目。

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描述

毛马陆与其他马陆最大的差异在于牠们具有柔软无钙化的外骨骼、甲壳上布满了刚毛、较少的脚数量（不超过17对）、且雄性缺乏生殖肢。体型偏小，体长最长不会超过7毫米（0.28英寸）。

防御机制

毛马陆缺乏一般马陆所具有的坚硬外骨骼与化学防御机制^[1]，而是具有一套独特的自我防卫方法：牠们身上具倒刺的纲毛十分容易脱落，能残留在掠食性昆虫的附肢与口器上，进而阻碍牠们的行动^[2]。

繁殖

雄性毛马陆缺乏一般马陆用来传输精子的生殖肢（英语：Gonopod），因此牠们只能透过间接的方式提供精子。雄性会丢下精包，并交由雌性拾取^[3]。

许多种的毛马陆也能进行单性生殖，当雄性个体稀少时，雌性依然有能力在未受精的情况下产卵并孵化下一代^[4]。

分类学

毛马陆为毛尾马陆亚纲现存的唯一目，且为所有马陆所属亚纲的基群。毛尾马陆亚纲为所有现存马陆的姊妹群，包括五带马陆下纲（英语：Pentazonia）及蠕形马陆下纲（英语：Helminthomorpha）^[6]^[7]。

2003年，毛马陆目包含了159种有效种及亚种^[8]，但是自2010年以来，已陆续发表了至少8个新种^[5]^[9]^[10]。

毛马陆总科 Polyxenoidea Lucas, 1840
- Hypogexenidae（英语：Hypogexenidae） Schubart, 1947
- Lophoproctidae（英语：Lophoproctidae） Silvestri, 1897
- 毛马陆科（英语：Polyxenidae） Polyxenidae Lucas, 1840
合马陆总科 Synxenoidea Silvestri, 1923
- 合马陆科（英语：Synxenidae） Synxenidae Silvestri, 1923

化石纪录

最早的毛马陆化石发现于黎巴嫩白垩纪早期的一个琥珀之中^[11]。

部分科学家将已灭绝的节肋目与Eoarthropleurida（英语：Eoarthropleurida）并入毛尾马陆亚纲之下，作为毛马陆目的姊妹群^[12]^[13]。

参考文献

[1]
Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.
[2]
Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.
[3]
Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）.
[4]
Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.
[5]
Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.
[6]
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.
[7]
Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-25）.
[8]
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-23）.
[9]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始内容存档于2014-07-20）.
[10]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
[11]
Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.
[12]
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.
[13]
Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

外部链接

[NADIPLOCHILO_Penicllates-1] [1]
Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.

[2] [2]
Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.

[Shelley_1999-3] [3]
Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）.

[IZ_1987-4] [4]
Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.

[NguyenDuy-5] [5]
Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.

[SierBond2007-6] [6]
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.

[Shear2011-7] [7]
Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-25）.

[NguyenDuy2003-8] [8]
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-23）.

[Short2011-9] [9]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始内容存档于2014-07-20）.

[short_2013-10] [10]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.

[11] [11]
Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.

[Shear2010-12] [12]
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.

[Kraus_2003-13] [13]
Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

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