洛克在他的《人类理解论》(An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,1690年)一书中,概述了一种新的精神哲学,主张儿童的意识是一块白板,不存在先天的观念。在《教育漫话》中,洛克进一步加以说明,如何使用三种不同的方式来进行教育:发展健康的身体;形成善良的德行;以及选择一种适当的学术课程。[1]
Ezell, Margaret J.M. "John Locke’s Images of Childhood: Early Eighteenth-Century Responses to Some Thoughts Concerning Education." Eighteenth-Century Studies 17.2 (1983-4), 141.
Yolton, John W. The Two Intellectual Worlds of John Locke: Man Person, and Spirits in the Essay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (2004), 29-31 and John Yolton, Locke: An Introduction. New York: Basil Blackwell (1985), 19-20; see also Tarcov, 109.
例如,纽伯瑞在A Little Pretty Pocket-Book的序言中,劝告父母们养育子女,要“只吃普通的食物,穿单薄的衣物,let him have good Exercise, and be as much exposed to 艰苦 as his natural Constitution will admit”因为“儿童的面部,当它来到世上时非常娇嫩,比身体其他部分更容易受伤害;但由于总是处于暴露状态,就变得能抵御最严峻的季节,以及最严酷的气候。” A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, Intended for the Instruction and Amusement of Little Master Tommy, and Pretty Miss Polly. 第10版,伦敦:Printed for J. Newbery (1760), 6.
John Dunn在他有影响的著作《洛克的政治思想》中,将 this "calling" 解释为加尔文派宗教教义。Tarcov 批评这种解释,写道:“Dunn’s exposition of the doctrine and its providentialist character 是基于清教徒 and 第二手来源, and 他没有给出清楚的证据 for attributing it in this form to Locke.”(Tarcov 127)
Pickering, Samuel F., Jr. 《洛克与18世纪英格兰的儿童书籍》,诺克斯维尔:田纳西大学出版社(1981), 10; See Axtell 100-104 for a complete list of editions.
参考书目
Bantock, G. H. "'The Under-labourer' in Courtly Clothes: Locke." Studies in the History of Educational Theory: Artifice and Nature, 1350-1765. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1980. ISBN 0043700926.
Brown, Gillian. The Consent of the Governed: The Lockean Legacy in Early American Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0674002989.
Brown, Gillian. "Lockean Pediatrics." Annals of Scholarship 14.3/15.1 (2000-1): 11-17.
Chambliss, J. J. "John Locke and Isaac Watts: Understanding as Conduct." Educational Theory as Theory of Conduct: From Aristotle to Dewey. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. ISBN 0887064639.
Chappell, Vere, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Locke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0521387728.
Cleverley, John and D. C. Phillips. Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. New York: Teachers College, 1986. ISBN 0807728004.
Ezell, Margaret J. M. "John Locke’s Images of Childhood: Early Eighteenth Century Responses to Some Thoughts Concerning Education." Eighteenth-Century Studies 17.2 (1983-4): 139-55.
Ferguson, Frances. "Reading Morals: Locke and Rousseau on Education and Inequality." Representations 6 (1984): 66-84.
Gay, Peter. "Locke on the Education of Paupers." Philosophers on Education: Historical Perspectives. Ed. Amélie Oksenberg Rorty. London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415191300.
Leites, Edmund. "Locke's Liberal Theory of Parenthood." Ethnicity, Identity, and History. Eds. Joseph B. Maier and Chaim I. Waxman. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1983. ISBN 0878554610.
Locke, John. The Educational Writings of John Locke. Ed. James L. Axtell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN 0521407366.
Pickering, Samuel F., Jr. John Locke and Children’s Books in Eighteenth-Century England. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1981. ISBN 087049290X.
Sahakian, William S. and Mabel Lewis. John Locke. Boston: Twayne, 1975. ISBN 0805735399.
Simons, Martin. "What Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman? (A Note on John Locke's Educational Thought)" Educational Theory 40.1 (1990): 135-145.
Tarcov, Nathan. Locke's Education for Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0226789721.
Yolton, John. John Locke and Education. New York: Random House, 1971. ISBN 0394310322.
Yolton, John. "Locke: Education for Virtue." Philosophers on Education: Historical Perspectives. Ed. Amélie Oksenberg Rorty. London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415191300.