希罗菲卢斯

希罗菲卢斯（希腊语：Ἡρόφιλος、/hɪˈrɒfɪləs/） 公元前335-280 – 公元前255，是一名希腊医生及最早的解剖学家之一，出生于迦克墩。用人脑做实验，开创了神经解剖学，在超过2000年前发现了神经系统，证明了神经从脑部起源。

希罗菲卢斯（右）教授解剖学，Veloso Salgado（英语：Veloso Salgado）《科学医术》，1906年，现里斯本新大学医学院（葡萄牙语：NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas）馆藏

成就

公元前三世纪，希罗菲卢斯和埃拉西斯特拉图斯经国王允许从监狱中获取犯人身体进行解剖。他取得了两点成就，一是在医学领域建立了“小”文化，即对身体微小结构的认知。他发现了神经的存在，区分了运动神经和感觉神经，分辨了脑室、眼角膜和视网膜。他是第一个精确描述了肝，对胰腺、卵巢、输卵管和子宫进行深入研究的人。

他的第二个成就是对身体的数学处理，认为胚胎的发展有阶段性，疾病有周期性。他还用钟表测量出了脉搏率，并把它用作一种诊断手段。他还注意到了伤口的几何图形：圆形伤口比其他伤口愈合得慢。

另见

• 医学和医学技术年表

来源

• von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-521-23646-0, ISBN 978-0-521-23646-1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 699.
• "Herophilus", Encyclopedia of World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
• Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, 1999): 1719 Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov. 2008.
• "On the Localization of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., 1868) 336.
• Galen. On the natural faculties. Brock A. J. (trans.) Heinemann, London 1916. p. xii, 233

延伸阅读

• Dean-Jones, Lesley. Women's bodies in classical Greek science Revised. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-814767-8.
• Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek science after Aristotle. New York: Norton. 1973. ISBN 0-393-04371-1.
• Lloyd, G. E. R. Science, folklore and ideology : studies in the life sciences in ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. ISBN 0-521-25314-4.
• Longrigg, James. Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Alexandrian medical science and modern historical research. History of science; an annual review of literature, research, and teaching. 1981, 19: 155–200. PMID 11610979.
• Potter, Paul. Herophilus of Chalcedon: an assessment of his place in the history of anatomy. Bulletin of the history of medicine. 1976, 50 (1): 45–60. PMID 769875.
• Solmsen, Friedrich. Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves. Museum Helveticum. 1961, 18: 150–197.
• von Staden, Heinrich. Hairesis and Heresy. Meyer, Ben F.; Sanders, E. P. (编). Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition in the Graeco-Roman World. London: SCM Press. 1982.