Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov （1963） Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part three New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ.
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998 Catalog of Fishes Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
Fish, M.P. and W.H. Mowbray （1970） Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
Flower, S.S. （1935） Further notes on the duration of life in animals. I. Fishes: as determined by otolith and scale-readings and direct observations on living individuals Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2:265-304.
Food and Agriculture Organization （1992）. FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings FAO Fish. Ser. （38）. FAO Stat. Ser. 70:（105）:647 p.
Joensen, J.S. and Å. Vedel Tåning （1970） Marine and freshwater fishes. Zoology of the Faroes LXII - LXIII, 241 p. Reprinted from,
Jonsson, G. （1992）. Islenskir fiskar. Fiolvi, Reykjavik, 568 pp.
Kinzer, J. （1983） Aquarium Kiel: Beschreibungen zur Biologie der ausgestellten Tierarten. Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel. pag. var.
Koli, L. （1990） Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland] Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki. 357 p. （in Finnish）.
Laffaille, P., E. Feunteun and J.C. Lefeuvre （2000） Composition of fish communities in a European macrotidal salt marsh （the Mont Saint-Michel Bay, France） Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 51（4）:429至438.
Landbrugs -og Fiskeriministeriet. （1995）. Fiskeriårbogen 1996 Årbog for den danske fiskerflåde Fiskeriårbogens Forlag ved Iver C. Weilbach & Co A/S, Toldbodgade 35, Postbox 1560, DK-1253 København K, Denmark. p 333-338, 388, 389 （in Danish）.
Linnaeus, C. （1758） Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae secundum Classes, Ordinus, Genera, Species cum Characteribus, Differentiis Synonymis, Locis 10th ed., Vol. 1. Holmiae Salvii. 824 p.
Munroe, Thomas, A. / Collette, Bruce B., and Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds. 2002 Herrings: Family Clupeidae. Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, Third Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. 111-160. ISBN 1-56098-951-3.
Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, and John A. Musick 1997 Fishes of Chesapeake Bay Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xi + 324. ISBN 1-56098-638-7.
Muus, B., F. Salomonsen and C. Vibe （1990） Grønlands fauna （Fisk, Fugle, Pattedyr） Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S København, 464 p. （in Danish）.
Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen （1999） Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p.
Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström （1974） Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe Collins, London, UK. 244 p.
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1991 Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fifth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 20. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 183. ISBN 0-913235-70-9.
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1991 Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fifth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 20. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 183. ISBN 0-913235-70-9.
Whitehead, P.J.P. （1985）. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world （suborder Clupeioidei）. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings Part 1 - Chirocentridae
Whitehead, P.J.P. （1985）. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world （suborder Clupeioidei）. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings Part 1 - Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigaste FAO Fish. Synop. 125（7/1）:1-303.
Whitehead, Peter J. P. 1985. Clupeoid Fishes of the World （Suborder Clupeoidei）: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Herrings, Sardines, Pilchards, Sprats, Shads, Anchovies and Wolf-herrings: Part 1 - Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 7, pt. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. x + 303. ISBN 92-5-102340-9.
