坟冢乙、丙(Kurgan II–III)：前3500-3000年。包括斯莱德涅斯多格文化及北高加索的迈科普文化（英语：Maykop culture）。具怪石圈（英语：Stone circle）、早期两轮战车（early two-wheeled chariots）、神人同形石碑（anthropomorphic stone stelae of deities）。
Mallory (1989:185页) harv模板错误: 无指向目标: CITEREFMallory1989 (帮助). "The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse."
Parpola in Blench & Spriggs (1999:181页). "The history of the Indo-European words for 'horse' shows that the Proto-Indo-European speakers had long lived in an area where the horse was native and/or domesticated (Mallory 1989，第161–63页) harv模板错误: 无指向目标: CITEREFMallory1989 (帮助). The first strong archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from the Ukrainian Srednij Stog culture, which flourished c. 4200–3500 BC and is likely to represent an early phase of the Proto-Indo-European culture (Anthony 1986:295f.; Mallory 1989:162, 197–210). During the Pit Grave culture (c. 3500–2800 BC) which continued the cultures related to Srednij Stog and probably represents the late phase of the Proto-Indo-European culture – full-scale pastoral technology, including the domesticated horse, wheeled vehicles, stockbreeding and limited horticulture, spread all over the Pontic steppes, and, c. 3000 BC, in practically every direction from this centre (Anthony 1986, 1991; Mallory 1989, vol. 1).
[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology - Timothy Darvill, 2002, Corded Ware, p.101, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-211649-5
Gimbutas (1970) page 156: "The name Kurgan culture (the Barrow culture) was introduced by the author in 1956 as a broader term to replace and Pit-Grave（英语：Pit-Grave） (Russian Yamna), names used by Soviet scholars for the culture in the eastern Ukraine and south Russia, and Corded Ware, Battle-Axe（英语：Corded ware）, Ochre-Grave（英语：Ochre-Grave）, Single-Grave and other names given to complexes characterized by elements of 库尔干 appearance that formed in various parts of Europe"
Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai, Birth of the Chariot, Archaeology 48 (2), 1995, 48 (2): 36–41.
Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (编), Archaeology and Language, III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London: Routledge, 1999.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins; Jones-Bley, Karlene (编), The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles From 1952 to 1993, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997, ISBN 0-941694-56-9.
Gimbuta, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part 1.
Gimbutas, Marija, Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C., Cardona, George; Hoenigswald, Henry M.; Senn, Alfred (编), Indo-European and Indo-Europeans: Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 155–197, 1970, ISBN 0-8122-7574-8.
Gimbutas, Marija, Old Europe in the Fifth Millenium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans, Polomé, Edgar C. (编), The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1982, ISBN 0897200411
Gimbutas, Marija, Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: comments on Gamkrelidze–Ivanov articles, Journal of Indo-European Studies, Spring–Summer 1985, 13 (1&2): 185–201
Gimbutas, Marija; Dexter, Miriam Robbins; Jones-Bley, Karlene, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993, Washington, D. C.: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997, ISBN 0941694569
Gimbutas, Marija; Dexter, Miriam Robbins, The Living Goddesses, Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520229150
Krell, Kathrin (1998). "Gimbutas' Kurgans-PIE homeland hypothesis: a linguistic critique". Chapter 11 in "Archaeology and Language, II", Blench and Spriggs.
J.P. Mallory（英语：J. P. Mallory）, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, 1991, ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
J.P. Mallory（英语：J. P. Mallory）, Fagan, Brian M. , 编, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-507618-4
Schmoeckel, Reinhard, Die Indoeuropäer. Aufbruch aus der Vorgeschichte ("The Indo-Europeans: Rising from pre-history"), Bergisch-Gladbach (Germany): Bastei Lübbe, 1999, ISBN 3404641620
Strazny, Philipp (Ed)., Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics 1, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-1-57958-218-0
Zanotti, D. G., The Evidence for Kurgan Wave One As Reflected By the Distribution of 'Old Europe' Gold Pendants, Journal of Indo-European Studies 10, 1982, 10: 223–234.
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