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成土母质,简称母质,指的是土壤形成的起始物质,系位于地表的岩石风化后产生的疏松碎屑物,通过成土作用可发育为土壤,其特性会很大程度影响到土壤的发育和性质。[1]成土母质可能是在岩石风化后,由于岩石风化的速度超过移运速度,而残留在地表原处,这种成土母质被称为残积母质残积物,主要分布在平原台地和山顶缓坡部位;反之,若成土母质经过了重力、水力、冰川或风力的搬运,而未残留在地表原处,则被称为运积母质,可分为崩积物坡积物冲积物洪积物湖积物海积物冰水沉积物冰碛物风积物[2]

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