冰岛语(íslenska)为冰岛国语,属于日耳曼语族的斯堪的那维亚语支(北日耳曼语支),源自古代北欧维京人使用的古诺斯语。冰岛语是与古诺尔斯语差异最少的分支,只差文字不是用卢恩字母。同时,可能是鉴于其离各国较远与偏僻,其发音法(尤其是母音音素)也是北日耳曼语支当中改变最少的。自维京人在近一千年前,将古诺斯语带到冰岛并形成冰岛语后,由于冰岛语词汇的拼法同语法变化不大,其标准化的写法基于自古诺斯语音位系统、在语义与词汇顺序上细微的拼写差异。所以,现代冰岛人或懂得冰岛语的人不须花太多时间即能方便地阅读及能理解维京时代的古代文学作品或冰岛的古代文学作品[1][2]。
Quick Facts 冰岛语, 母语国家和地区 ...
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More information 双唇音, 唇齿音 ...
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浊擦音 /v/, /ð/, /ʝ/ 和 /ɣ/ 是不完全紧缩的(constrictive)而经常近乎近音而非擦音。
More information 前元音, 后元音 ...
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More information 前滑, 后滑 ...
双元音
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前滑
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后滑
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中元音
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ei · øi
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ou
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开元音
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ai
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au
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冰岛语字母表是由拉丁字母组成,字母如下:
More information 冰岛语字母 ...
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其中, c, q, w, z 只在拼写人名、地名和外语词等地方使用。
冰岛语的基本语序为主语-谓语-宾语,不过为了强调语气,语序可以比较自由的变化。在冰岛语的诗里面,可以见到所有语序的组合。然而冰岛语也和大部分日耳曼语一样,遵守动词第二顺位,因此不及物动词的位置会受到限制。
例句:
- Ég veit það ekki.(I know that not.)(中译:我不知道那是什么。〔以下意义皆同〕)
- Ekki veit ég það.(Not know I that.)
- Það veit ég ekki.(That know I not.)
- Ég fór til Bretlands þegar ég var eins árs.(I went to Britain when I was one year old.)(中译:我一岁的时候去了英国。〔以下意义皆同〕)
- Til Bretlands fór ég þegar ég var eins árs.(To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)
- Þegar ég var eins árs fór ég til Bretlands.(When I was one year old, I went to Britain.)
- Árnason, Kristján; Sigrún Helgadóttir. Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy. Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium: 7–21. 1991.
- Halldórsson, Halldór. Icelandic Purism and its History. Word. 1979, 30: 76–86.
- Kvaran, Guðrún; Höskuldur Þráinsson; Kristján Árnason; et al. Íslensk tunga I–III. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið. 2005. ISBN 9979-2-1900-9. OCLC 71365446.
- Orešnik, Janez, and Magnús Pétursson. Quantity in Modern Icelandic. Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 1977, 92: 155–71.
- Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur. Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands. 1993. ISBN 9979-853-14-X.
- Scholten, Daniel. Einführung in die isländische Grammatik. Munich: Philyra Verlag. 2000. ISBN 3-935267-00-2. OCLC 76178278.
- Vikør, Lars S. The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations. Oslo: Novus Press. 1993: 55–59, 168–169, 209–214.