催眠

催眠（英语：Hypnosis）是一种人类的身心状态，涉及注意力集中（选择性注意/选择性注意力不集中假设，英语：selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis，缩写作 SASI）^[1]，外围意识（英语：peripheral awareness）降低，以及对心理暗示（英语：Suggestion）的反应能力增强。^[2]

有解释催眠和相关现象的多种理论。改变状态（英语：Altered state）理论将催眠视为一种改变的心智或恍惚状态（英语：Trance），以不同于普通意识状态的意识水平为标志。^[3]^[4] 相比之下，非状态（英语：non-state）理论将催眠视为一种安慰剂效应^[5]^[6]，重新定义与治疗者的互动^[7]或一种富有想像力的角色扮演形式。^[8]^[9]^[10]

在催眠期间，据说一个人的注意力与专注力被提升^[11]，并对心理暗示的反应增加。^[12] 催眠通常以催眠诱导（英语：Hypnotic induction）开始，包括一系列初步的指示和心理暗示。将催眠用于治疗目的被称为“催眠疗法”，而将其用作观众的一种娱乐形式被称为“舞台催眠”（英语：Stage hypnosis），这是一种心灵魔术（英语：Mentalism）。

用于疼痛管理的催眠“可能会减少大多数人的急性和慢性疼痛”。^[13] 以催眠为基础的治疗大肠激躁症和更年期的疗法得到了（科学）证据的支持。^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] 使用催眠治疗其他问题产生了不同的结果，例如戒烟。^[18]^[19]^[20] 使用催眠作为一种治疗形式来恢复和整合幼年创伤在科学主流中存在争议。研究表明，对个人进行催眠可能有助于形成错误记忆^[21]，且催眠“并不能帮助人们更准确地回忆事件”。^[22]

参见

注释与引用来源

[1]
Hall, Harriet. Hypnosis revisited. Skeptical Inquirer. 2021, 45 (2): 17–19.
[2]
In 2015, the American Psychological Association Division 30 defined hypnosis as a "state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion". For critical commentary on this definition, see: Lynn SJ, Green JP, Kirsch I, Capafons A, Lilienfeld SO, Laurence JR, Montgomery GH. Grounding Hypnosis in Science: The "New" APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis as a Step Backward. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. April 2015, 57 (4): 390–401. PMID 25928778. S2CID 10797114. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1011472.
[3]
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004: "a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state".
[4]
Erika Fromm; Ronald E. Shor. Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives. Rutgers. 2009 [27 September 2014]. ISBN 978-0-202-36262-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
[5]
Kirsch I. Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: empirically derived techniques. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. October 1994, 37 (2): 95–106. PMID 7992808. doi:10.1080/00029157.1994.10403122.
[6]
Kirsch, I., "Clinical Hypnosis as a Nondeceptive Placebo", pp. 211–25 in Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña-Buelna, E., Amigó, S. (eds.), Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives, American Psychological Association, (Washington), 1999 ISBN 1-55798-535-9
[7]
Theodore X. Barber. Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach. J. Aronson, 1995. 1969. ISBN 978-1-56821-740-6.
[8]
Lynn S, Fassler O, Knox J. Hypnosis and the altered state debate: something more or nothing more?. Contemporary Hypnosis. 2005, 22: 39–45. doi:10.1002/ch.21.
[9]
Coe WC, Buckner LG, Howard ML, Kobayashi K. Hypnosis as role enactment: focus on a role specific skill. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. July 1972, 15 (1): 41–45. PMID 4679790. doi:10.1080/00029157.1972.10402209.
[10]
Steven J. Lynn; Judith W. Rhue. Theories of hypnosis: current models and perspectives. Guilford Press. 1991 [30 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-89862-343-7. （原始内容存档于2013-10-13）.
[11]
= Segi, Sherril. Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders. The Clinical Advisor: For Nurse Practitioners. 2012, 15 (3): 80. ISSN 1524-7317.
[12]
Lyda, Alex. "Hypnosis Gaining Ground in Medicine." Columbia News （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Columbia.edu. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.
[13]
Hypnosis for the Relief and Control of Pain. www.apa.org. [2021-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-25）.
[14]
Peters, S. L.; Yao, C. K.; Philpott, H.; Yelland, G. W.; Muir, J. G.; Gibson, P. R. Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2016, 44 (5): 447–459 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 27397586. S2CID 42525698. doi:10.1111/apt.13706. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（英语）.
[15]
Lacy, Brian E.; Pimentel, Mark; Brenner, Darren M.; Chey, William D.; Keefer, Laurie A.; Long, Millie D.; Moshiree, Baha. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. January 2021, 116 (1): 17–44. ISSN 0002-9270. PMID 33315591. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036  （美国英语）.
[16]
Elkins, Gary R.; Fisher, William I.; Johnson, Aimee K.; Carpenter, Janet S.; Keith, Timothy Z. Clinical Hypnosis in the Treatment of Post-Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Menopause. March 2013, 20 (3): 291–298. ISSN 1072-3714. PMC 3556367 . PMID 23435026. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e31826ce3ed.
[17]
Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. November 2015, 22 (11): 1155–1172; quiz 1173–1174 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1530-0374. PMID 26382310. S2CID 14841660. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000546. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）.
[18]
Hasan, Faysal M.; Zagarins, Sofija E.; Pischke, Karen M.; Saiyed, Shamila; Bettencourt, Ann Marie; Beal, Laura; Macys, Diane; Aurora, Sanjay; McCleary, Nancy. Hypnotherapy is more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2014, 22 (1): 1–8 [2021-12-22]. PMID 24559809. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.012. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（英语）.
[19]
Carmody, T. P.; Duncan, C.; Simon, J. A.; Solkowitz, S.; Huggins, J.; Lee, S.; Delucchi, K. Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2008, 10 (5): 811–818 [2021-12-22]. PMID 18569754. doi:10.1080/14622200802023833. （原始内容存档于2022-03-03）（英语）.
[20]
Barnes, Joanne; McRobbie, Hayden; Dong, Christine Y; Walker, Natalie; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group , 编. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019-06-14, 2019 (6): CD001008. PMC 6568235 . PMID 31198991. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3 （英语）.
[21]
Lynn, Steven Jay; Krackow, Elisa; Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Locke, Timothy G.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. Constructing the past: problematic memory recovery techniques in psychotherapy. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (编). Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology 2nd. New York: Guilford Press. 2014: 245–275. ISBN 9781462517510. OCLC 890851087.
[22]
Hall, Celia. Hypnosis does not help accurate memory recall, says study. Telegraph. 26 August 2001 [11 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31）.

其他参考

Hypnotherapy, by Dave Elman. (1964).
Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious, by Kenneth Bowers. NY: W. W. Norton (1993).
Hypnosis and Suggestion in the Treatment of Pain: A Clinical Guide, by Joseph Barber. NY: Norton (1996).
Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool
Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981).
The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge
Better and Better Every Day, Emile Coue, (1960).
Uncommon Therapy, Jay Haley（about the psychotherapeutic intervention techniques of Milton Erickson）
Advanced Self Hypnosis, Melvin Powers, Thorsons Publishers, 1973, ISBN 0-7225-0058-0
Molly Moon's Incredible Book of Hypnotism, Georgia Byng
Open to suggestion. The uses and abuses of hypnosis. Robert Temple, 1989, ISBN 1-85030-710-4
Hypnosis With Friends and Lovers Freda Morris, 1979, ISBN 0-06-250600-5
Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis William S. Kroger, M.D., 1977, ISBN 0-397-50377-6
EBooks: The Power of Creative Visualization, Personal Transformation in 7 Weeksby Pradeep Aggarwal（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[SI_Hall-1] [1]
Hall, Harriet. Hypnosis revisited. Skeptical Inquirer. 2021, 45 (2): 17–19.

[Lynn_SJ_2015-2] [2]
In 2015, the American Psychological Association Division 30 defined hypnosis as a "state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion". For critical commentary on this definition, see: Lynn SJ, Green JP, Kirsch I, Capafons A, Lilienfeld SO, Laurence JR, Montgomery GH. Grounding Hypnosis in Science: The "New" APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis as a Step Backward. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. April 2015, 57 (4): 390–401. PMID 25928778. S2CID 10797114. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1011472.

[3] [3]
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004: "a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state".

[4] [4]
Erika Fromm; Ronald E. Shor. Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives. Rutgers. 2009 [27 September 2014]. ISBN 978-0-202-36262-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.

[:0-5] [5]
Kirsch I. Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: empirically derived techniques. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. October 1994, 37 (2): 95–106. PMID 7992808. doi:10.1080/00029157.1994.10403122.

[:1-6] [6]
Kirsch, I., "Clinical Hypnosis as a Nondeceptive Placebo", pp. 211–25 in Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña-Buelna, E., Amigó, S. (eds.), Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives, American Psychological Association, (Washington), 1999 ISBN 1-55798-535-9

[7] [7]
Theodore X. Barber. Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach. J. Aronson, 1995. 1969. ISBN 978-1-56821-740-6.

[8] [8]
Lynn S, Fassler O, Knox J. Hypnosis and the altered state debate: something more or nothing more?. Contemporary Hypnosis. 2005, 22: 39–45. doi:10.1002/ch.21.

[9] [9]
Coe WC, Buckner LG, Howard ML, Kobayashi K. Hypnosis as role enactment: focus on a role specific skill. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. July 1972, 15 (1): 41–45. PMID 4679790. doi:10.1080/00029157.1972.10402209.

[10] [10]
Steven J. Lynn; Judith W. Rhue. Theories of hypnosis: current models and perspectives. Guilford Press. 1991 [30 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-89862-343-7. （原始内容存档于2013-10-13）.

[Segi-11] [11]
= Segi, Sherril. Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders. The Clinical Advisor: For Nurse Practitioners. 2012, 15 (3): 80. ISSN 1524-7317.

[12] [12]
Lyda, Alex. "Hypnosis Gaining Ground in Medicine." Columbia News （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Columbia.edu. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.

[13] [13]
Hypnosis for the Relief and Control of Pain. www.apa.org. [2021-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-25）.

[14] [14]
Peters, S. L.; Yao, C. K.; Philpott, H.; Yelland, G. W.; Muir, J. G.; Gibson, P. R. Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2016, 44 (5): 447–459 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 27397586. S2CID 42525698. doi:10.1111/apt.13706. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（英语）.

[15] [15]
Lacy, Brian E.; Pimentel, Mark; Brenner, Darren M.; Chey, William D.; Keefer, Laurie A.; Long, Millie D.; Moshiree, Baha. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. January 2021, 116 (1): 17–44. ISSN 0002-9270. PMID 33315591. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036  （美国英语）.

[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-16] [16]
Elkins, Gary R.; Fisher, William I.; Johnson, Aimee K.; Carpenter, Janet S.; Keith, Timothy Z. Clinical Hypnosis in the Treatment of Post-Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Menopause. March 2013, 20 (3): 291–298. ISSN 1072-3714. PMC 3556367 . PMID 23435026. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e31826ce3ed.

[17] [17]
Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. November 2015, 22 (11): 1155–1172; quiz 1173–1174 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1530-0374. PMID 26382310. S2CID 14841660. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000546. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）.

[18] [18]
Hasan, Faysal M.; Zagarins, Sofija E.; Pischke, Karen M.; Saiyed, Shamila; Bettencourt, Ann Marie; Beal, Laura; Macys, Diane; Aurora, Sanjay; McCleary, Nancy. Hypnotherapy is more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2014, 22 (1): 1–8 [2021-12-22]. PMID 24559809. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.012. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（英语）.

[19] [19]
Carmody, T. P.; Duncan, C.; Simon, J. A.; Solkowitz, S.; Huggins, J.; Lee, S.; Delucchi, K. Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2008, 10 (5): 811–818 [2021-12-22]. PMID 18569754. doi:10.1080/14622200802023833. （原始内容存档于2022-03-03）（英语）.

[20] [20]
Barnes, Joanne; McRobbie, Hayden; Dong, Christine Y; Walker, Natalie; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group , 编. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019-06-14, 2019 (6): CD001008. PMC 6568235 . PMID 31198991. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3 （英语）.

[21] [21]
Lynn, Steven Jay; Krackow, Elisa; Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Locke, Timothy G.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. Constructing the past: problematic memory recovery techniques in psychotherapy. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (编). Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology 2nd. New York: Guilford Press. 2014: 245–275. ISBN 9781462517510. OCLC 890851087.

[22] [22]
Hall, Celia. Hypnosis does not help accurate memory recall, says study. Telegraph. 26 August 2001 [11 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31）.

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