三趾马为哺乳类动物奇蹄目马科进化史上的一个已绝灭的旁支,生存于中新世早期至更新世,距今约2300万年至78.1万年前,曾经广泛分布于北美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲,栖息地包括无林区、草原、矮草草原和干草原等。三趾马体型比现代马小,主要特征包括颊齿高冠型、上颊齿原尖孤立和每肢三趾,尤其是留有已退化、不触地的外脚趾,肩高约1.4米[1]。
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中新世三趾马化石,出土于中国甘肃,海宁博物馆藏
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三趾马化石脚趾部分
种
- H. concudense Pirlot, 1956
- H. crassum
- H. dietrichi Wehrli, 1941
- H. fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar, 1971
- H. forcei Richey, 1948
- H. gromovae
- H. laromae Pesquero et al., 2006
- H. longipes
- H. lufengense Sun, 2013
- H. macedonicum
- H. matthewi
- H. mediterraneum
- H. molayanense Zouhri, 1992
- H. periafricanum
- H. philippus Koufos & Vlachou, 2016
- H. phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala, 2014
- H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 (模式种)
- H. rocinantis
- H. sellardsi Matthew and Stirton, 1930
- H. shirleyae MacFadden, 1984
- H. sithonis Koufos & Vlachou, 2016
- H. tehonense (Merriam, 1916)
马的进化
其他马的分支
参考文献
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