The vuvuzela (英语发音：/vuːvuːˈzeɪlə/) , sometimes called a "lepatata" (its Tswana name) or a stadium horn, is a blowing horn up to approximately 1米（3英尺3英寸） in length. It is commonly blown by fans at football matches in South Africa.[1] The instrument requires some lip and lung strength to blow and emits (from the standard shorter horn of 60–65 cm) a loud monotone (B♭3). A similar instrument (known as corneta in Brazil and other Latin American countries) is used by football fans in South America.[2] Very similar plastic horns have also been a tradition at the Quebec Winter Carnival for many years.[3]
Vuvuzelas have been controversial.[4] They have been associated with permanent noise-induced hearing loss,[5] cited as a possible safety risk when spectators cannot hear evacuation announcements,[6] and potentially spread colds and flu viruses on a greater scale than coughing or shouting.[7][8] Vuvuzelas have also been blamed for drowning the sound and atmosphere of football games.[9][10] Commentators have described the sound as "annoying" and "satanic"[11] and compared it with "a stampede of noisy elephants",[12] "a deafening swarm of locusts",[13] "a goat on the way to slaughter",[14] and "a giant hive full of very angry bees".[15]
The sound level of the instrument has been measured at 127 decibels[16][5] contributing to football matches with dangerously high sound pressure levels for unprotected ears.[17] A new model, however, announced on 14 June 2010, has a modified mouthpiece which is claimed to reduce the volume by 20 dB.[16]
Origin
起源
这种塑料喇叭20世纪70年代起源于墨西哥体育馆 .[来源请求]原本由锡制成, 嗡嗡祖拉于20世纪90年代在南非走红。注明的 凯泽酋长足球俱乐部 球迷Freddie "Saddam" Maake 宣称早在1965年，去掉了橡皮吹嘴，发明了铝制的，用于就从自行车喇叭。后来他发现这个吹嘴太短，于是加了个长的馆子。 Maake有拍摄于19世纪70年代和80年代的南非当地比赛，和1998年世界杯足球赛使用铝制的嗡嗡祖拉于照片。他说，后来当局认为这种铝制的嗡嗡祖拉有危险性，所以他找到了个塑料公司，制造了塑料的嗡嗡祖拉。[18]
2001年，南非公司马辛斯丹运动公 开始批量生产塑料制的嗡嗡祖拉.[19][20] Neil van Schalkwyk, the co-owner of Masincedane Sport, won the SAB KickStart Award in 2001.[21]
也有人说嗡嗡祖拉来源于非洲号角乐器kudu , 但这是有争议的.[22][19] During the entire match, supporters blow vuvuzelas frantically in an attempt to "kill off" their opponents.[23][24]
2005年，注明南非黑人专栏写手 、前体育记者, Jon Qwelane 将导致他放弃观看现场比赛的嗡嗡祖拉描述为“来自低于的乐器”，并敦促在2010年世界杯足球赛中禁止使用。.[11]
关于“嗡嗡祖拉”词语的由来是有争议的，它起源于祖鲁，意思是发出“温温”的噪音或者来源于南非俚语，近似于词语“冲凉”。[19]
2010年初的拿撒勒浸信会成员声称 ，嗡嗡祖拉属于他们教堂，并以采取法律措施相威胁，要求球迷停止在世界杯比赛中使用嗡嗡祖拉。[25]
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
The vuvuzela came to international attention during the run-up to the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, both hosted in South Africa. The world football governing body, FIFA, expressed concerns that hooligans could use the instrument as a weapon and that businesses could place advertisements on vuvuzelas. However the South African Football Association (SAFA) made a presentation that vuvuzelas were essential for an authentic South African football experience,[4] and FIFA decided in July 2008 to allow vuvuzelas at Confederations Cup.[26] President of FIFA Sepp Blatter opposed banning the vuvuzela, saying "We should not try to Europeanise an African World Cup."[27] FIFA ultimately decided to allow the instrument for the 2010 World Cup as well,[28] except for vuvuzelas longer than one metre.[29]
Some football commentators, players, and international audiences argued against the vuvuzela during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. During the match between United States and Italy, BBC Sport commentator Lee Dixon referred to the sounds as "quite irritating".[来源请求]
2010 FIFA World Cup
During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Hyundai and a local South African advertising agency called Jupiter Drawing Room created the largest working vuvuzela in the world—114英尺（35米） long—on an unfinished flyover road in Cape Town.[30] The vuvuzela is powered by several air horns attached at the "mouthpiece" end, and it will be blown at the beginning of each of the World Cup matches.
After the Confederations Cup FIFA received complaints from multiple European broadcasters who wanted it banned for the 2010 FIFA World Cup because the sound drowns out the commentators. Prior to the event Netherlands coach Bert van Marwijk and Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso also called for a ban, the latter saying the horns make it hard for players to communicate and concentrate while adding nothing to the atmosphere.[27][31]
On 13 June 2010, the BBC reported that the South African organising chief Danny Jordaan was considering a ban of the vuvuzela during matches.[32] Jordaan noted that "if there are grounds to do so, yes [they will be gotten rid of]" and that "if any land on the pitch in anger we will take action."[32]
During the event many competitors have criticised and complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns, including France's Patrice Evra who blamed the horns for the team's poor performance.[32] He also claimed that the sound of the vuvuzelas away from the stadiums hampered the ability of the players to get their rest.[33] Other critics include Lionel Messi who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampered communication among players on the pitch,[34] and broadcasting companies, who complained that commentators' voices were being drowned out by the sound.[33] Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo went on record to state that the sound of the vuvuzelas disturbed the teams' concentration.[35]
Others watching on television have complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out.[36] A spokesperson for the ESPN network said it was taking steps to minimize the noise of the vuvuzelas on its broadcasts.[37] There are some that see their use during the performance of the national anthems as disrespectful.[38][39] Other critics have also noted that it is seen as disrespectful to be "dismissive of the cultures of the guest team supporters".[40]
During the opening ceremony the announcer had to ask fans using vuvuzelas to be quiet as he could not be heard.[41]
Television viewers in UK are being offered 45 minute mp3 download clips to cancel out the noise of the vuvuzelas during broadcast television matches by means of "active noise control".[42]
However other commentators have defended the vuvuzela as being an integral and unique part of South African football culture and say it adds to the atmosphere of the game.[43][44] BBC sports commentator Farayi Mungazi said the sound of the horn was the "recognised sound of football in South Africa" and is "absolutely essential for an authentic South African footballing experience". He also said there was no point in taking the world cup to Africa and then "trying to give it a European feel".[45] The Daily Telegraph's chief sports reporter Paul Kelso described critics of the vuvuzela as "killjoys" and said they should "stop moaning".[46]
President of FIFA Sepp Blatter recently twitted "To answer all your messages re the vuvuzelas. I have always said that Africa has a different rhythm, a different sound. I don't see banning the music traditions of fans in their own country. Would you want to see a ban on the fan traditions in your country?"[47]
Vuvuzelas also began to be blown at other locations, leading to a ban by some shopping centres.[48] Some World Cup football players complained that they were being awoken in their hotel rooms by the instruments.[49] Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup[50] outstripped supply, with many pharmacies running out of stock. Neil van Schalkwyk, inventor of the plastic vuvuzela, began selling earplugs to fans.[51]
See also
- Makarapa
- Portable or personal air horns
References
External links
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