劳工骑士团(英语:Knights of Labor;全称高贵神圣劳工骑士团,英语:Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor)是19世纪末尤其是1880年代活跃于美国与加拿大[1]的劳工社团,在英国和澳大利亚也有分会[2]。重要领导人是特伦斯·V·鲍德利。劳工骑士团旨在改善工人的社会和文化条件、推动八小时工作制等。在某些时候,劳工骑士团充当工会,与雇主谈判,但一直没有很好的组织或资金。劳工骑士团以组织各性别、种族、熟练和非熟练的劳工为目标,但又支持排华法案。在1880年代中期迅速扩张后,劳工骑士团快速衰落,变回小规模团体。劳工骑士团是美国白人工人阶级的第一个群众组织[3]。
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劳工骑士团
Knights of Labor
劳工骑士团徽章。上面写着“最完美的政府是每个人受伤害就是所有人的事情”(That is the Most Perfect Goverenment in which an Injury to One is the Concern of All)
1882年,劳工骑士团取消了入会仪式,并从名字中删除了“高贵神圣”的字样(Noble and Holy Order)。这是为了安抚天主教成员和那些担忧他们与共济会相似的主教。虽然劳工骑士团最初反对罢工作为手段,但协助了各种罢工和抵制行动。1885年的Wabash铁路罢工事件中,鲍德利最终转变态度,支持对铁路大亨杰伊·古尔德发动罢工。事件的起因是一名木匠、劳工骑士团成员 C. A. Hall 参加骑士团会议而被古尔德解雇。罢工行动包括阻断铁轨、停止维修发动机、控制或破坏设备、占领工厂和铁路设施[8]。最终古尔德会见了鲍德利,并同意取消最初引起动荡的反对劳工骑士团的政策。胜利给劳工骑士团带来了动力,会员人数激增。到1886年,拥有超过70万人。
劳工骑士团为美国劳工抗议歌曲的传统做出了贡献,尽管经常被忽视。骑士团经常在他们的集会中加入音乐,并鼓励当地成员创作和表演他们的作品。芝加哥的印刷工和骑士团支持者James 和 Emily Talmadge出版了歌曲集《献给劳工骑士团的劳动歌曲》(1885年)。其中歌曲《Hold the Fort》(也称为《Storm the Fort》)改编自同名赞美诗,是拉尔夫卓别林的世界产业工人会歌《永远团结》出现以前最受欢迎的劳动歌曲。 皮特·西格经常演奏这首歌,并且收录在他的许多唱片中。劳工歌手和作词人 Bucky Halker 在他的唱片《不要你的百万钱财》(Don't Want Your Millions)(Revolting Records 2000)中收录了Talmadge的版本,题为《我们的战歌》(Our Battle Song)。Clark D. Halker 在关于劳动歌曲和诗歌的书籍《为了民主、工人和上帝:劳动诗歌和劳动抗议,1865-1895》(For Democracy, Workers, and God. Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-95)中也大量引用了骑士团的歌曲和诗歌[21]。
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Steven Parfitt, "The First-and-a-half International: The Knights of Labor and the History of International Labour Organization in the Nineteenth Century." Labour History Review 80.2 (2015): 135-167.
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Halker, Clark D. For Democracy, Workers, and God. Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-95. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0252017476.
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Watillon, Leon. and Frederic Meyers, The Knights of Labor in Belgium. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. Also in partial translation by Frederic Meyers, Institute of Industrial Relations, Los Angeles, 1959: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003t812j/?brand=oac4 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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