美洲蛇鹈

美洲蛇鹈; 化石时期：更新世至现在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	雄鸟
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鲣鸟目 Suliformes
科：	蛇鹈科 Anhingidae
属：	蛇鹈属 Anhinga
种：	美洲蛇鹈 A. anhinga
二名法
	Anhinga anhinga; (Linnaeus, 1766)
亚种
	A. a. anhinga; A. a. leucogaster
	分布图：繁殖区留鸟
异名
	Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, 1766

美洲蛇鹈（学名：Anhinga anhinga；英语：anhinga、snakebird、darter、American darter、water turkey）是蛇鹈属的一种鸟类，分布于美洲温暖地区。“anhinga”这个词来自巴西图皮语，意思是“恶魔鸟”或“蛇鸟”。

Quick Facts 保护状况, 科学分类 ...

Close

分布

它分为两个亚种A. a. anhinga、A.a. leucogaster。前者主要分布在南美洲的安第斯山脉以东和特立尼达和多巴哥群岛。后者发现于美国南部、墨西哥、古巴和格林纳达^[2]。

特征

美洲蛇鹈是一种大型鸟类，体长约89 cm（35英寸），翼展1.14米（3.7英尺）^[3]^[4]。A. a. anhinga比A. a. leucogaster略大。体重约为1.22千克（2.7磅）^[4]^[5]^[6]。喙的长度是头部的两倍，和脚蹼一样呈黄色^[7]^[8]^[3]^[5]。除了头部、颈部和上胸部颜色较浅之外，雌性美洲蛇鸟与雄性没有什么区别^[9]^[10]。由于长相相似，它常与角鸬鹚混淆。美洲蛇鹈尾羽更宽更长，且喙尖锐，不像角鸬鹚一样有勾^[11]。

习性

其羽毛不防水，因此不能长时间漂浮在水面上，但有利于下潜捕食^[12]。羽毛湿掉的美洲蛇鹈不能远距离飞行，但可以短暂低飞一段时间。它们会张开翅膀站立，以晒干羽毛并恢复体温^[13]。

食物

它以中等大小的湿地鱼类、两栖动物、水生无脊椎动物和昆虫为食^[14]^[4]。它们会在在水下追踪猎物，用喙将其穿刺，再带出水面，然后吞食。^[15]

保护状况

它们在美国受《候鸟条约法》（Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918）保护^[16]，但其数量并不堪忧。^[1]

参考文献

[1]
BirdLife International. Anhinga anhinga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016, 2016: e.T22696702A93581588 [13 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696702A93581588.en .
[2]
Blake, Emmet Reid. Birds of Mexico: a guide for field identification. University of Chicago Press. 1953: 151–152. ISBN 0-226-05641-4.
[3]
Sibley, David Allen. The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2003: 45. ISBN 0-679-45120-X.
[4]
Template:Cite AllAboutBirds
[5]
Maehr, David S.; Kale, H.W.; Kale, II, Herbert W. Florida's Birds: A Field Guide and Reference. Pineapple Press Inc. 2005: 33, 38. ISBN 1-56164-335-1.
[6]
Hennemann, III, Willard W. Energetics, Behavior and the Zoogeography of Anhingas and Double-Crested Cormorants. Ornis Scandinavica (Wiley). December 1985, 16 (4): 319–323. JSTOR 3676697. doi:10.2307/3676697.
[7]
Robbins, Samuel D. Wisconsin Birdlife: Population and Distribution Past and Present. University of Wisconsin Press. 1991: 127–128. ISBN 978-0-299-10260-9.
[8]
Audubon, John James. The Birds of America. J.B. Chevalier. 1843: 443–457.
[9]
Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. 2002: 646. ISBN 0-7614-7271-1.
[10]
Gregware, Bill; Gregware, Carol. Guide to the Lake Okeechobee Area. Pineapple Press Inc. 1997: 54. ISBN 1-56164-129-4.
[11]
Peterson, Roger Tory. A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1998: 130. ISBN 0-395-92138-4.
[12]
Anhinga - Introduction. Birds of North America Online. [2018-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-05） –通过website: birdsna.org （英语）.
[13]
Hennemann, Willard W. "Energetics and Spread-Winged Behavior of Anhingas in Florida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" The Condor84, no. 1 (1982): 91-96.
[14]
Kearns, Laura. ADW: Anhinga anhinga: INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.org. [2022-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-05）.
[15]
Owre, Oscar, T. Adaptations for locomotion and feeding in the Anhinga and the Double-crested cormorant (PDF). Ornithological Monographs (American Ornithologists Union). 1967: 126–127 [2022-09-11]. ISBN 978-0-9436-1006-1. JSTOR 40166666. doi:10.2307/40166666. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-17）.
[16]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. 1995 [15 September 2008]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2008）.

外部链接

BirdLife物种一览表：Anhinga anhinga
互联网鸟类收藏（英语：Lynx_Edicions#Internet_Bird_Collection）上有关Anhinga的录像、照片和音频
VIREO上美洲蛇鹈的图片
Xeno-canto上有关Anhinga的录音

[iucn_status_13_November_2021-1] [1]
BirdLife International. Anhinga anhinga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016, 2016: e.T22696702A93581588 [13 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696702A93581588.en .

[Blake-2] [2]
Blake, Emmet Reid. Birds of Mexico: a guide for field identification. University of Chicago Press. 1953: 151–152. ISBN 0-226-05641-4.

[Sibley-3] [3]
Sibley, David Allen. The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2003: 45. ISBN 0-679-45120-X.

[Cornell-4] [4]
Template:Cite AllAboutBirds

[Maehr-5] [5]
Maehr, David S.; Kale, H.W.; Kale, II, Herbert W. Florida's Birds: A Field Guide and Reference. Pineapple Press Inc. 2005: 33, 38. ISBN 1-56164-335-1.

[Hennemann1985-6] [6]
Hennemann, III, Willard W. Energetics, Behavior and the Zoogeography of Anhingas and Double-Crested Cormorants. Ornis Scandinavica (Wiley). December 1985, 16 (4): 319–323. JSTOR 3676697. doi:10.2307/3676697.

[Robbins-7] [7]
Robbins, Samuel D. Wisconsin Birdlife: Population and Distribution Past and Present. University of Wisconsin Press. 1991: 127–128. ISBN 978-0-299-10260-9.

[Audubon-8] [8]
Audubon, John James. The Birds of America. J.B. Chevalier. 1843: 443–457.

[Burton-9] [9]
Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. 2002: 646. ISBN 0-7614-7271-1.

[Gregware-10] [10]
Gregware, Bill; Gregware, Carol. Guide to the Lake Okeechobee Area. Pineapple Press Inc. 1997: 54. ISBN 1-56164-129-4.

[Peterson-11] [11]
Peterson, Roger Tory. A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1998: 130. ISBN 0-395-92138-4.

[12] [12]
Anhinga - Introduction. Birds of North America Online. [2018-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-05） –通过website: birdsna.org （英语）.

[:1-13] [13]
Hennemann, Willard W. "Energetics and Spread-Winged Behavior of Anhingas in Florida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" The Condor84, no. 1 (1982): 91-96.

[animaldiversity.org-14] [14]
Kearns, Laura. ADW: Anhinga anhinga: INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.org. [2022-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-05）.

[:2-15] [15]
Owre, Oscar, T. Adaptations for locomotion and feeding in the Anhinga and the Double-crested cormorant (PDF). Ornithological Monographs (American Ornithologists Union). 1967: 126–127 [2022-09-11]. ISBN 978-0-9436-1006-1. JSTOR 40166666. doi:10.2307/40166666. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-17）.

[FWS-16] [16]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. 1995 [15 September 2008]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2008）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]